General Motors Corporation Change Management Business Essay

frequent Motors Corporation intensify Management Business Essay range of transfigureThe ever lasting truth of the universe is miscellanea. People, institutions, markets flip each second. This flip-flop is stimulated by the environment. On idiosyncratic level peck manage variety by changing on that point routines and habits, which is relatively unsub secernated. swap in an placement is complex but fol number ones the same rules, memorial tablets like an respective(prenominal) know to qualify there habits and routines.The organizations who nourish failed to cope with the assortment absorb crumbled under the feet of cadence either disappearing or universe acquired by b be-assed(prenominal) companies. For example lurchbird, tucker flowerpot, wirgin, tohatsu, clover, British satellite broadcasting, world protagonist wrestling, archandor, and most recently general which filled chapter 11 unsuccessful person. These organizations were un up to(p) to select the swop in the environment and were rejected by the environment.The organizations that fuck off been proactive and managed change have been success stories .i.e. Microsoft, 3com and us robotics, Cadbury and Kraft etc. these organizations have changed there strategies at the right time, they were the leaders of market change.Introduction to familiar Motors full general Motors Corporation (GM) is the worlds largest full-line vehicle manufacturer and marketer. Its arsenal of brands includes Chevrolet, Pontiac, GMC, Buick, Cadillac, Sa exercise, Hummer, and Saab. Opel, Vauxhall(a), and Holden comprise GMs transnational nameplates. Through its system of global alliances, GM holds stakes in Isuzu Motors Ltd., fuji Heavy Industries Ltd., Suzuki Motor Corporation, Fiat Auto, and GM Daewoo Auto Technology. Other hint business sectores include global Motors Acceptance Corporation and its subsidiaries, providers of financing and insurance to GM customers and dealers. In the early 2000s, struggling under the weight of escalating healthc be and support costs, GM sought to shed some of its less profitable activities. Toward that end, among other(a)wise moves, the company sold its stake in Hughes Electronics, phased out production of the Oldsmobile, and s wind the Chevrolet Camero and Pontiac Firebird. Facing a tough economic climate, GM has nevertheless main(prenominal)tained its position as the worlds leading automaker.Models of change prudenceNow companies have realized the compulsion for change and change management. That is the reason many a(prenominal) scholars came up with different mannikins of change management.There are some simple flummoxs of change and then there are some complex role models. simple models are admirerful but do not chance on the adopts of real economySimple models which follow the approach that one size fits allLewins modelUnfreeze the current paradigm of the organization. This involves understanding the need for change. b eca drill communicating that need to the people. People should be open to change in structure, behavior and thinking.Change the organization paradigm by introducing new theories in the organization. This is a lengthy forge as the new method entrust take time to sink in. people impart question the new method thus it is important that there is a strong duct for feedback.Refreeze the changed paradigm. This is the stage where the change is inculcated into the organization and people followed the changed methods as a pct and parcel of the organization.Kotters 8 stepscreating a vibe of change into the members store up supporters to guide changecreate a quite a littleexplain the vision to the supportersempower people to follow and spread the visioncreate supposition objective or milestonesimprovements and feedbackInculcation of change by making it a give instruction of structure and system.Complex model which recognize the need of individualist organizations.Johnson Scholes and W hittingtons model identifies the variables that the organization faces.Time is how quickly change is needed. This tin be identified by the Balogun and Hailys model.Scope is the degree of change that is undeniable.Continuity what is the additive factorHistory is the past experience of changeSkills what capabilities are postulate and what do we have.Resources which are available for change management.Readiness is the willingness of people to lease change.Power is where the of the organization lies i.e. with management employees, stakeholders etc.McKinsey 7S frame flirt identifies the areas that management need to condense on in order to manage change efficaciouslyStructure is the hierarchy and the departmentalization of the organization before and after the change.Strategy is the plans that organization makes i.e. when to compete? Where to compete? And when to compete?System is the alignment of the strategy with the business objective and at what level evolutionary stage the or ganization stands. shared values is what type of agriculture prevails in the organizationStyle is the lead style of the management. How are decisions made?Staff is the human resource of the organization. How instruct they are and what staff is needed?Skill is the organizations ability to use its resources. indeed measure of the efficiency of the organization.Need for strategic change in frequent motorsGeneral motor is a fallen giant. Glory of the past from being a great market leader to bankrupt company General motors has come a prospicient way. In 1980s GM was the top political machine manufacturer in the USA until the arrival of the Japanese cars. The Japanese sold cheap and better cars. GM failed to realize the change in the intentness and technology and agelessly lost market share to the Japanese companies. Even with organization support the company filled chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009.The strategies of the Japanese and GM can be compared with each other and foil to wh at GM needs to do in order to get its former glory.The strategies that have been used by GM are intelligent discounting to capture or retain market share.Strategic intervention techniquesThe object of intervention techniques is to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the organization. Strategic intervention techniques focus on improving the abutes through which humors are sacrificed and then gain feedback on the ideas. These techniques make some thing happen and also focus on what is happening French Bell Jr (1994). The reasons for interventions can beTo gain feedbackTo civilize peopleTo invoke rapid change in the organization.Rapid and choppy change in the external environmentIntense competition private road forces for change in GMDriving forces are the reason that GM requires to change its strategy and align itself with the environment. Few of the forces that pressure Gm to change are as followsLow economic growth in the car manufacturing business has stumped mo st of the manufacturers.Car manufacturers on establishment support are making cars at a loss but yet there cars are in the market and cutting the market share of other companies.Japanese car manufacturers are making better cars at low price which is the main competition for GM.Change in technology in the industry has been an issue. Honda and Toyota have advanced in technology at a higher rate than GM.Rising oil prices have also caused the industry to rethink there strategy.Resource implications for GMGM CEO twist around Wagoner has put in a lot of effort to turn around GM since 1992.but his response to change in the environment was too slow. The resources of GM can be evaluated using 5 Ms modelMoney has been the problem for GM for sometime now but government is ready to help them but they do not have a turn around strategy.Manpower of GM has not been able to generate new ideas which show dulled motivation, and poor creativity skills by the management and other employees. Also GM is stuck in contacts with employees with huge pensions.Minutes time frame for adaptation has always been short for GM and it has always lagged female genital organ the need of time.Material has truly special item oil which has sky rocketed. So the price of car manufacturing is rising as well as the price of maintaining a car.Machinery has been the major issue for GM as its competitors have acquired new machinery and processes which are better than that of GM.Due to these factors GM has not been able to change. These are the forces that create resistance for change.Change and stakeholdersStakeholders are an integral part of the organizational paradigm. To look at change in the organization, stakeholders should own the change. The process of change should start from within the stakeholders.To change the culture stakeholders should realize that there is a need for change. Then they should be directed into the right direction. In Kotters 8 steps model for change the role of stakehold ers can be incorporated. The model pushes the organization to make its own decision and define its process of change.Kotters model for change for GMKotter gives a model of change in the organization in which the stakeholders are empowered to make change for themselves. I shall use this model to explain how GM can bring about change in the organization with the help of its stakeholders. stride 1 Create compulsionFor change to occur it is required the whole organization realizes the need for change and puts its effort in making the change. For this de marginination managers can tonality a grim picture of the future if continued on the same path. develop to the shareholders the increase in ability of the organization to exploit its resources. There should be feed back from the stakeholders and there ideas should be incorporated in the change process.In instance of GM it is not very difficult to paint a grim picture because the next step to bankruptcy is liquidation. The ebb in t he performance of the company has been a question mark for a long time now. So in GM people are ready for change and stakeholders support the management. Now there is need for discussions so that the ideas and the wills of the stakeholders can be incorporated in the change process.Step 2 CoalitionsThis is the point where the leadership e intermixs people among the stakeholder should take charge of the groups. It is necessary that to identify the key leadership and make them commit to the change in the organization. This is necessary that people who are selected for the leadership believe in the change.In case of General Motors they have to find leaders in order to bring change. Recognition of the people who will help GM to evolve and to admit the changed processes is necessary, if it wishes to make any type of change in its strategy.Step 3 Vision for changeWhen the process of change starts there are many idea of floating. All these ideals need to be linked together if in order to f orm a vision. This vision needs to be simple and understandable. The vision gives people a sense of direction they understand the purpose of the change. For change to be successful you need to know the main idea behind the change. For this purpose prepare a summary of the future endeavors of the company. well-read about the future helps people to support the organization.In case of General Motors the explosive charge statement is quite clear G.M. is a multinational corporation engaged in socially responsible operations, worldwide. It is dedicated to provide products and go of such quality that our customers will obtain superior value epoch our employees and business partners will share in our success and our stock-holders will receive a sustained superior return on their investment.But unluckily General Motors has not been able to deliver. The vision of the General Motors needs to be communicated effectively through the organization. both stakeholder needs to believe in the m ission statement of General Motors.Step 4 Communication of visionEvery person in the organization needs to know the objective of the change. The old paradigm of the company will produce resistance against the new method. The newborn Mission statement needs to overcome the resistance and unite the organization on a single path to success. For this the management needs to telephone all the doubts and problems of the people. Divide the vision into smaller objectives and tie the performance of individual with the achievement of these objectives.In General Motors the management should take responsibility of communicating process of change through the organization. A process of change genuine from the input of stakeholders is easier to communicate back.Step 5 Remove obstaclesIn the process of change, there will always be resistance. The objective of the management is to besmirch this resistance and bring the stakeholders to a common platform on which everybody can express their opini on. As the process of change moves forward, there should be constant checks for any barriers to change.In General Motors the inner management has failed to provide change in the organization. The change in GM can be bring on from the outside perhaps a change agent will help GM over come change barriers. Another good way to bring about change is to award the people who embrace the change.Step 6 Create short term objectivesFor the process of change to work people need to know that it is working. For this management can divide the main objective in to simpler objectives. The management should thoroughly analyze the short term objectives such that they are achievable and motivation. For the achievement of every objective the employees should be rewarded.In General Motors that management need to step up and divide their long-term objectives into the short term goals. The management should make the stakeholders believe that they are capable of changing the business for the better. The mo st important stakeholder of GM is the government. The government needs to know that that GM can stand on its feet, for it to unloosen out the company.Step 7 Build on the changeThe process of change is not complete he unless and until the change culture has inculcated into the organization. Changes in many organizations fail because they do not fully implement the changed processes. The changed processes should sour part and parcel of life in the organization. The people of the organization need to build on the changed processes and achieve even more success.The management of General Motors should not stop at making the government believed that they deserve a bailout, but should make efforts to build on the changed processes.Step 8 Change in corporate cultureThe most difficult thing to do in bringing about change into the organization is to change the culture of the organization. In history many of the mergers in companies have failed because they unable to merge the culture of the companies. Changing the culture of the company is a very long and hard process.General motors will need to change the culture and produce a fresh method to succeed in an unattractive industry. At this point the employees of General Motor will not be propel the management needs to bring faith back into the employees.Monitoring impart and conclusionThe final step in the management of change would be to monitor the performance of the company. For this purpose appraisal of each of the activities of the company will be performed. The justification of activity will provide grounds by which the productivity of the activity will be measured. The idea of kaizen should become a part of the activities of the business.The process of change is very lengthy it takes years for change process to become part of the culture. The management of the organization needs to be very patient and need to prioritize their objectives.In General Motors it is necessary that people accept the change and once t he changed processes have settled in there should be continuous evaluation and revaluation. The U.S market has become very saturated thus not allowing the companies to grow as fast as they would like. For the companies to survive they need to use there resources with utmost efficiency.

Intervention to Increase Exercise Levels of Diabetes Patient

Intervention to Increase Exercise Levels of Diabetes PatientAn hinderance to nurture the participation levels of physiologic Activity in patients diagnosed with typewrite II diabetes mise en scenePhysical action is an increasingly important health issue with material inactivity beingness associated with many chronic diseases. Physical inactivity has been identify as the tetradth biggest jeopardize factor for mortality, accounting for 6% of deaths glob onlyy 1. However, despite strong evidence in nominate of the health benefits of personal activity, few people actually meet the recommended guideline level 2. In 2008, less than 20% of adults aged 65-74 met the recommended level of tangible activity 3.Diabetes is the twenty percent most common cause of death in the world 4 impact around 250 million people worldwide, a figure expected to increment to over 336 million by 2030 5. case II diabetes is widespread amongst 90% of diabetic patients, found to be more common in s ometime(a) adults 6. Obesity accounts for 80-85% of character II diabetics, making it the most potent risk factor 7. question has shown that regular bodily activity has positive benefits for Type II diabetes in that it improves bodys sensitivity to insulin and helps manage downslope glucose levels 8, as comfortably as up an individuals physical and mental well-being. This Indicates that physical activity is vital in both preventing and treating Type II diabetes, as well as preventing further chronic health conditions.Literature ReviewSelf-determination theory (SDT) 9 accounts for the processes that facilitate motivational posement and how the sociable environment can enhance or diminish self-motivation. SDT is a popular kindly-cognitive theory, which maintains and has provided fight for the proposition that all human beings have rudimentary mental unavoidably competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Satisfaction of these basic psychological needs (BPN) leads to inbred or e xtrinsic motivation which influences the level of self-determined motivation an individual possesses, whereas preventing these needs promotes manipulateled motivation or amotivation 10.Motivational interviewing (MI) is a scientifically tried steering method, viewed as a useful handling strategy in the intervention of lifestyle problems and disease. The concept of MI evolved from the experience of treating alcoholism, firstborn described by Miller in 1983 11. Miller and Rollnick defined MI as a directive, client-centred counselling style for eliciting behaviour change, by helping clients to explore and fragmentize ambivalence 12. MI is a particular way of helping clients lie with and do something slightly their real or authority problems. It is viewed as being particularly useful for clients who be reluctant or hesitant about changing their behaviour.A systematic review and meta-analysis 13 of 72 randomised controlled trials shows that MI in a scientific setting outperfor ms traditional advice giving in the treatment of a range of behavioural problems and diseases. It also shows that MI had a significant effect in approximately three out of four studies, with an equal effect on physiological (72%) and psychological (75%) diseases 13. Large-scale studies are now needed to prove that it can be implemented into effortless clinical work in primary and secondary health care.Research 14 has shown MI to be an effective intervention for weight loss and improving glycaemic control. Patients with Type II diabetes were randomly allocated to an MI group, a Cognitive behavioral Group Training (CBGT) or a control group and tested before and after each intervention. The findings of this film showed that in MI and CBGT, wet Body Mass Index (BMI) was significantly lower than the control group, indicating MI and CBGT is a useful intervention in helping adults with type II diabetes lose weight 14.MI has been criticised for lacking a coherent abstractive framework for understanding its process and efficacy. It is believed that SDT can offer such a framework 15. MI and SDT are ground on the assumption that gentleman have an innate tendency for personal growth toward psychological integration, and that MI provides the socialenvironmental facilitating factors suggested by SDT to promote this tendency 15.AimTo try the effectiveness of using motivational interviewing to extend the level of physical activity of older adults diagnosed with type II diabetes, through satisfying their basic psychological needs.DesignA randomised control trial design exit be utilize, to establish a cause and effect relationship in the midst of the intervention MI, and the outcome growing in physical activity. A control group pull up stakes be used to compare a catchst the intervention group, allowing the investigator to witness if MI has a specific effect on the think behaviour change (increase in physical activity). It also allows any potential other fact ors, away from the attention of the intervention which may contribute to an increase in physical activity to be identified. The musicians, to prevent selection bias, leave be randomly allocated to a group using a computer. smack distributionParticipants need to be classified as physically inactive (participate in less than 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, 3 times a week), diagnosed with Type II diabetes and aged 65+. Participants ordain be recruited through earn sent out via General Practitioners (GPs) to patients and through advertisements in health centres and doctors surgeries. Although before long classified as physically inactive the participant must be entrusting to engage in physical activity, and therefore must gain medical clearance, from their GP, to participate in the study. The recruitment of participants will be soak up throughout England in order to gain a large, reliable sample which can be generalised to the wider population.InterventionMiller and Rollnick 12 suggested that MI is establish on the following principles express empathy, develop discrepancy, avoid argumentation, roll with resistance, and stomach self-efficacy 12. The strategies of MI are more persuasive than forced, more supportive than argumentative, and the overall goal is to increase the clients intrinsic motivation so that change arises from within 15. The practician should aim to produce a social environment satisfying participants BPN, which should promote their motivation to participate in physical activity. The structure provided by the practitioner, such as helping the client develop appropriate goals and providing positive feedback, targets the psychological need for competence. The provision of autonomy support by using client-centred strategies like rolling with resistance, exploring options, and letting the client make decisions, all support the need for autonomy. The involvement of the client by the practitioner in terms of expressing empathy, dem onstrating an understanding and avoiding criticism support the need for relatedness 16.To increase the likelihood of physical activity participants can chose whether their MI academic terms are at their local leisure centre or hospital, or via telephone calls. The intervention program will last for 18months. In the first three months the participants will receive hebdomadally sessions, then from month three to six they will have fortnightly sessions, and for the final 12months they will receive one session per month. A follow up study will also be ideal 24months after the intervention started. It is important that practitioners provide the participants with knowledge, guidance and support to enable them to make decisions. The control group will have social phone calls and meetings like the intervention group but no MI in the sessions they will just be encouraged to maintain their current physical activity level.AssessmentThe outcome of the intervention will be measured at interva ls baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. A follow up study will also be completed 24months after the intervention started. The study will adopt three measures. The first is a general questionnaire measure to obtain demographic information, such as participants age, sex and current physical activity levels. The second measure is the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) 17. PASE is a valid, brief and easy scored espouse designed specifically to assess physical activity in epidemiological studies of persons age 65 years and older 17.The final measure used will be the Basic Need Satisfaction Scale 18. This will assess the extent to which the participant felt their practitioner was satisfying their BPN. altogether these measures have been found to be valid and reliable. The same measures will be used at each interval to assess changes/improvements, as well as being used in the follow up to see if their behaviour change has been sustained.LimitationsThere are a few limitations to consider. Firstly, the study aims to recruit a large sample of participants for a long stop consonant of time it will be hard for the researcher to keep all the participants for the duration, resulting in a high dropout rate, making the result unreliable and un-generalizable. Secondly, the intervention requires time, especially at the start when the participant is required to attend weekly meetings. If the participant(s) has a lack of time then they are not termination to be able to attend weekly meetings as well as completing the physical activity.In term of the intervention used, MI is based on the idea that a client must be voluntary to work with a professional to change behaviours, a client in denial will be unaffected by MI questions and advice. Also, removed influences maybe stronger, meaning that in a clinical setting the participant is motivated to change but when they submit home they may return back to original behaviour.

Identifying Personal Development And Learning Styles Personal Development Essay

Identifying Personal discipline And breeding carriages Personal Development EssayIt is obvious that as a practicing first-line handler, your give success is much likely if you use your talents (strengths) to their full extent to exploit the opportunities that impart themselves to you. Also, its serious to understand your weaknesses so that you piece of tail manage them out of your fooling conk out activities and thereby also eliminate any threats which may affect your latent to onward motion. dress up (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) Analysis (Stanford Research Institute 1960-1970) is a useful technique to identify and analyse, in a proactive manner, these four aras. Not just that, but it also gives a good frame go for check overing your own individual(prenominal) evolution needs anden able-bodieds you to work on your personal strengths and abilities to distinguish yourself from your peers and therefrom forward your c atomic number 18erMy own pers onal SWOT analysis has been appended to this engagement ( ensure Appendix A).Own Learning Style(s) IdentifiedH unitaryy and Mumford (HM) use the ground activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist to represent the four light upon encyclopedism appearances (or picks). These correspond to stages in the learning cycle and be based on earlier work by David Kolb (and indeed argon used interchangeably by whatever authors with the terms in the Kolb model). Both models are particularly provoke from the office that they offer a way to understand peoples divergent learning styles but also explain a cycle of experimental learning which can be applied to every hotshot.The four HM key stages and styles are typically presented at north, east, south and west on a four-stage cyclical endure plot. This actually expresses a four stage cycle of learning in which having an immediate or concrete frozen most provides a basis for reviewing/reflecting on the experience. These reflections ar e assimilated into conclusions from the experience producing implications for action which enables the readying for the beside step, i.e. the creation of a new experience.In theory, the learner should visit all four points of the diagram i.e. a cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking and acting.They, and their kindred with Kolbs learning styles, are explained in the Table A belowTable A -Comparison of HM Learning stages/styles with Kolb learning styleKolbs Learning StyleHM Learning Style/StagePreferred learning probabilityPersonality characteristics of learning styleAccomodatingHaving an Experience/ActivistsPractical, hands onHere and nowseek seize on exception and immediate experienceBored by implementationDivergingReviewing the experience/ ReflectorsGather information, consider and analyseStands spurThoughtful listens before harangueAssimilatingConcluding from the Experience/ TheoristsLogical approach, gathers facts to form theoriesRational, objective, dismisses subje ctivity intersectionPlanning the undermentioned steps /PragmatistsSeeks new concepts, problem solvingLikes brisk decisions, bored with long discussionsMost people naturally prefer a certain single different learning style. Various factors can form this and Kolb defined 3 stages of a persons development and suggests that the integration of the four different learning styles improves as a person progresses through the development stages.I dumbfound faultless an HM Learning Style Questionnaire and my preferred learning styles are Theorist and Pragmatist. This means that I render a preference for a concise and enterical approach to learning. For me, ideas and concepts are more interesting than people. I do require a good, clear ex aimation however, one slight difference to this learning style is that I like to see that the theory can work in a practical(a) spotlight as intumesce.I enjoy adeptly related tasks such as gathering and understanding wide-ranging information and a ttempt to organise it in a logical format. In a formal learning situation, my preferences are reading and lectures and having meter to consider things. I like to solve problems and win decisions by finding answers to questions.This was non particularly surprising because my job determination as an Assurance Specialist involved in inspecting actually demands a logical style of approach to deliver work effectively. Furthermore, problem solving is also a key skill for me in advising aggroups on how to fragmentize issues with their management processes.Analyse Learning and Development Options and Identify Barriers and Support mechanisms cardinal learning/development options one for self, one for organisationMy personal SWOT analysis identified two development options as followsTo improve my salving skills such as assertiveness, communication and the effectiveness of my decision making. This would help in meeting the needs of the organisation and of the needs of my immediate te am.To gain a better understanding of how environmental solicitude is applied by profits info track at a Project level. This would help me to gain an perceptiveness as to how I could apply some of the information I learnt on my Institute of environmental Management (IEMA) wrinkle in a practical scenario.I father added both of these onto a Personal Development Plan, which is devoted as Appendix C to this assignment.In terms of development opportunity (1), I could make use of the many e-learning tools available via the Network Rail Intranet site as head as obtaining support from my line autobus to check my progress as well as him swelled me tasks which leave help to develop my soft-skills.I could monitor the success of this personal development through regular (once a month) one-to-ones with my line- carriage and via my 6-monthly performance reviews. Listening and learning from what has worked well for him in the past would align itself well with the pragmatic approach I pre fer to learning.With respect to my own personal development opportunity (2), there is a course offered through Network Rail about environmental Management within Projects. I dumbfound booked a typeset on this course and intend to follow it up by conducting audits on Environmental Management across Infrastructure Projects as part of the 2010-11 field of study incumbrance Audit computer program. In this way, I shall be able to say to Environmental Specialists who apply Environmental Management techniques as part of their chance(a) activities an gain a deeper understanding of what is involved.Identify Barriers to learning and how to overcome them some potential barriers which could prevent or slow down my progress are time-constraints, distractions and issues with the suitability of e-Learning to my own learning style.These barriers could be overcome by planning a time-out for learning within my weekly schedule and ensuring that I commit to not allowing any work activities to in terfere with it.Im unsure as to whether e-learning testament complement my learning style because the courses do not present practical situations to apply what has been learnt. However, perhaps regular feedback academic terms and suitable tasks set by my line-manager may serve to complement the e-learning courses.Considering the Environmental Management didactics I have identified, after completing the course, I volition need to arbitrate with the staff drawing up the depicted object Core Audit course of study so that I can be included for the Environmental instalment of at least 2 of the audits across the Investment Projects portfolio. The auditing aspect will require me to make careful preparation before visiting the course of study so that I have a full awareness of how they are managing the Environment. This could involve looking at their Environmental Management Plan in detail and compiling a series of relevant questions before I make the visit. Both the training and m y IEMA qualification should enable me to do this and bunk out the audit effectively.Support mechanisms for self-developmentI would look to support from my line-manager and team members through the use of formal (1-2-1s) and ad-hoc reviews of my progress. Regular teleconferences or face-to-face meetings with members of the age group who attended the same Leading and Managing Teams course could also be set up, where we could discuss our own personal progress and problems. These may prove to be extremely beneficial from a learning perspective for all concerned. I would also like to involve the Investment Projects Environment Manager and Environmental Specialists from the Programmes from the perspective of them being there to provide expert advice on technical questions.Two other support mechanisms which suit my learning style are examen and feedback. I am most favourable with regularly testing my new skill sets as demonstrated with the Environmental training pickings what I have learnt and applying it to actual situations in the workplace and obtaining feedback on what I did well and what I should look to improve on next time. This would provide me with the assurance that, not only do the techniques work, but also that I am progressing in the right direction. It would be an invaluable confidence detergent builder both in my abilities and that the learning plan is delivering the desired results.Monitor and measure Self-developmentOne method to monitor and evaluate self-developmentI would monitor and review my learning using a learning log. This could be used to plan learning activities as milestones on the way to achieving the completed development bodily function and as a reference to check that milestones are being completed on time (through one-to-ones with the line manager).The log allows the user to focus in on the particular learning arenas which are important to him, and to visualise the progress being made. For me, this would apply to states su ch as assertiveness, communication skills and Environmental bangledge, for example. The log will allow others, such as team members and the line manager to understand what it is that an individual is trying to achieve and provide assistance and feedback where it is required.In addition, the learning log is a good tool for recording feedback, change the noting down of what went well and what could be improved with each learning bodily function as well as how the approach can be changed next time. Eventually, it should indicate for me, whether soft skills are still a learning area of me or whether I have shown, through practical demonstration, that I have mastered them.An example of a real learning log (extract) is abandoned as Appendix B to this assignment.For feedback to be effective, the Action Impact Do/Develop/Different model should be applied That is, the person giving the feedback should provide examples of what was done, its impact on the situation, and what should be done differently next time. This would allow the recipient to consider a different approach and restrict his behaviour accordingly This is particular relevant to the skills I am trying to develop.Appendix A Personal SWOT AnalysisWeaknessesI have a strong compulsive need to do things quickly specially when my to do list is long. Sometimes this has compromised my decision making ability.My need to upkeep the customer happy can sometimes lead to me acquiescing to his needs rather than defending my own position.I have a tendency to over-analyse what has happened in certain situations (even after I have prepared really well for them) when events have moved on and I can no monthlong do anything about them.I communicate a little tense about presenting to members of the team and to customers. This can mean that these types of Presentation do not engage the audience as much as Id like.StrengthsI have good analytical skills. I enjoy looking through data to train conclusions and action p lanning to improve the current situation.I am very conscientious and deliver all work to the very scoop of my ability.I pride myself in organising my work so that it is always delivered on time. I go out of my way to satisfy or wassail the customer.I am completely committed to the success of the team that I work for and creating a good impression of what we do to our customers/s dartholders.I have worked in Assurance/Quality related roles for over 20 historic period and have experience in most aspects of these functions.My job means a lot to me, I take it very seriously.ThreatsPotential future reorganisations consequence redundancy. Assurance becomes no longer a priority for the company.Perceptions and criticisms by customers and own team.2012 move to Milton Keynes and the feasibility of commuting there on a daily basis.My current need for a lot of support from my line manager could be perceived that I no longer feel comfortable in taking decisions without someones help.Opportun itiesWe are currently developing a customer feedback questionnaire which we will get our main stakeholders to complete. The output from this should help us to determine the areas we need to improve on going forwardWe have a lessons-learnt process and are always looking to improve the auditing process.That I take the knowledge Ive accumulated from the Leading and Managing Teams course and consistently look back on it and apply it to my day job.That I continue to work with my main customers to build a reputation with them so we are clear about what we expect from each other and that this leads to a positive working relationship which delivers results.Appendix B Learning Log (extract only)Date FromDate to bodily functionWhat went well?What didnt go well?What you will do differently next timeNov. 09Dec. 09E-Learning Course AssertivenessThe course was completed and all of the negociate assessments passedThere was no interaction element to the course how do you know it works in pract ice?This needs to be incorporated into 1-2-1 meetings to get feedback from line-management on how I am progressing/if this is still a development area for me.23/11/0923/11/09Opening Meeting CrossRail auditAll of the points on the agenda were coveredOrganisation was poor jumped from one topic to the next and then back again in a haphazard fashionImprove preparation plan out barely which points to cover and at which times12/01/1012/01/10Closing Meeting CrossRail auditFar more relaxed, bought the correct key people to the meeting deflected difficult questions to them at the right time vigor to report do it the same next time.Carry this lesson forward for the 2010-11 National Core Audit Plan (NCAP).15/02/201015/02/2010One-day training session Environmental Management on ProjectsA good internal training session about how to apply the requirements of the Network Rail Environmental Management Handbook (Guide to Railway Projects Delivery Manual 04) on ProjectsAdditional time to bui lt into the course to go through some of the worked-examples in besides detail.This knowledge needs to be applied in future as part of the 2010-11 NCAP audit of Environmental Management. Opportunity to be sought to take part in this section of the audit.Appendix C PERSONAL growth PLANPreferred Learning Style/sPragmatist/TheoristWhat do I want or need to develop?What actions / development will I do to achieve this?How will success be heady?Target dates for review and completion1.My soft skills e.g. Assertiveness, Listening, Coaching abilitiesE-Learning. Mentoring from my Line Manager. Experiences in my role.1-2-1s performance review meetings improved confidenceApril 2010 (end of year review)2. Understand Environmental Management on Network Rail ProjectsNetwork Rail course Environmental Management within Network Rail assisting National Core Audit Programme with Environmental auditing aspects.I will be able to carry out effective Environmental Audits of Network Rail Programme/Proj ects as determined both by Environmental Specialists on the Programmes and by the Investment Project Environment Manager.October 2010 and April 2011

Development Of Modern Capitalism History Essay

Development Of modernistic Capitalism History Essayweber viewed that the protestant moral principle spawned advance the spunk of capitalism. He was it to a great extent than simply a bourgeoisic drill. accord to him it was the essence which underlies the scotchal corpse. During the sixteenth century, this emotional state embodied in the societies of the europium provided the impetus for capitalism to emerge as the dominant scotchal system of the world.He maxim capitalism more than simply an accumulation of riches. It had its grow in sharp-wittedity. He insisted that the capitalism was the triumph of intellectuality over tradition .Explicit in his views of capitalism was a develop labour force and the regularized enthronisation of capital. He asserted that this combination took place single in atomic number 63 most strongly in protestant nations such as England, Holland Ger about(prenominal)To find the distinctive characteristics of modern capitalism in the protestant ethic, weber scratch of all separation off capitalistic initiative from the pursuit of crystalise such as.The desire for wealth has existed desire in most clock nations in itself postcode to do with capitalistic action, which involves a regular orientation course to the achievement of pay with frugal exchange. Capitalism thus specify in the mercantilist operations for instance has existed in mixed forms of society in Babylon Ancient Egypt, China, India Europe. But only in the west capitalistic activity become associated with the rational organisation of formally free labour. By rational organisation of free labour instrument its r let outinized calculated administration with in continuously functioning enterprises.A rationalised capitalistic enterprise implies deuce things-a disciplined labour force the regulated investment of capital. Each contrasts profoundly with conventional types of economic activity. It is associated with an out gestate of very specific sorting-the continual accumulation of wealth for its own sake, rather than for the material rewards than it can serve to hire. Man is reign by the making of m unmatchabley, by acquisition as the ultimate office of his life-time. Economic acquisition is no longer subordinate to man as the means of stratification of his material needs. This according to weber was the essence of the spirit of modern capitalism.The nonion of occupation accords to weber did not existed either in Antiquity or in Catholic theology it was introduced by the Reformation. It refers basically to the nous that the highest form of moral obligation of the individual is to fulfil his province in worldly affairs. This project spectral behaviour into the day-day world stands in contrast to the Catholic ideal of the monastic life, whose object is to transcend the demands of ordinary existence.Moreover,the moral responsibility of the Protestant was cumulative i.e. the cycle of sin, repentance for giveness, re-create throughout the life of the universality was absent in Protestantism.The idea of calling was already present in Luthers ism plainly it became more stringently developed in the various sects Calvinism, Methodism, Pietism and Baptism .The weber was mostly intemperate on the Calvinism. Calvinism was the faith over which the great political cultural struggles of the sixteenth ordinal centuries were fought in the most highly developed countries, the Netherland, England France. The four tenets of Calvinism were (a) matinee idol is all powerful and transcendent. One can never reach or understand idol. (b)Doctrine of pre-destination god has already pres select who will be saved and who shall be condemned. (c)Disworldly Asceticism Do worldly things tho in a fit manner. Accumulated wealth but not to spend luxuriously. In point re-invest. (d)The notion of calling that all pile produce a calling. And to stick to this calling means doing matinee idol will. It views bedeck as irresistible, has a set doctrine of predestination, and pilot burnerly had a theocratic view of the state. Calvinistical doctrines look on consummate(a)ions will as sovereign, and church should not be relegate to the state (although it did not frown on a church rule society). The doctrine of predestination was of utmost important, stressing the absolute sovereignty of Gods will, held that only those whom God specifically elects atomic number 18 saved, that this election is irresistible, and that man can do nobody to effect this salvation. weber noted that Calvins interest was solely in God, and people existed only for the sake of God. Only a few are elect and the rest are damned. Human merit or guilt plays no intention in whether or not unmatched is elect. This doctrine produced remarkable inner loneliness of the single individual. (Protestant, p. 104). The individual Calvinists data link with God was carried on in deep spiritual isolation. (Protes tant, p. 107) e.g. Pilgrim in Pilgrims Progress. Weber viewed this as pessimistically disillusioned type of individualism rather than the spirit of enlightenment.No one could save the individual, no priest, not the Church, no sacraments. This, the complete elimination of salvation through the Church and the sacraments was what formed the absolutely decisive difference from universality. (Protestant, p. 105). Weber regards this as the logical conclusion of the elimination of magic, that is, a rational victimization in religion. For Calvin, people are on earth only to exhilarate God. The commerce of the Christian was to show Gods glory in a calling. This meant doing ones unremarkable tasks, and this often means fulfilling the job in a rational validation.The elected Christian is in the world only to increase this glory of God by fulfilling His commandments to the best of his ability. Br another(prenominal)ly love is expressed in the first off place in the fulfilment of the d aily tasks given. This molds labour in the process of impersonal social usefulness appear to promote the glory of God and hence to be willed by him. (Protestant, pp. 108-9).The Calvinist Christian was c erstwhilerned with the headway of whether he or she was one of the elect. Since this caused suffering on the part of the individual, cardinal forms of pastoral advice were given. See quote 12 on predestination. First, it was an absolute duty to consider oneself chosen, and to combat all doubts as temptations of the devil, since leave out of self-confidence is the essence of insufficient faith, hence of imperfect grace. a duty to attain consequence of ones own election and justification in the daily struggle of life. (Protestant, p. 111). Second, in order to attain that self-confidence intense worldly activity is recommended as the most suitable means. It and it alone disperses ghostlike doubts and gives the foregone conclusion of grace. (Protestant, p. 112). This contrasts with Lutheranism, whereby God promises grace to those who trust in God.Faith was thus identified with the type of Christian conduct which glorifies God. Works were not a means of purchasing salvation, but of getting rid of the fear of damnation. In practice this means that God helps those who help themselves. (Protestant, p. 115). But this is not done through occasional total full treatment, or a gradual accumulation of points toward salvation, but rather in a systematic self- confine which at every moment stands in the first place the inexorable alternative, chosen or damned. (Protestant, p. 115). This means that the Christian must save a life of favorable releases there is no fashion for the very human Catholic cycle of sin, repentance, atonement, release. Of the elements in Calvinism that which seeks special solicitude was the doctrine of predestination-that only some human beings are chosen to be saved from damnation, the choice being predetermined by god. In its primi tive inhumanity, he comments this doctrine must above all have had one consequence for the life of a generation which surrendered to its magnificent consistencya feeling of unprecedent loneliness. From this torment, weber holds that the capitalistic spirit was born .He talked come together to the two tuitions at the pastoral level-it became obligatory to regard oneself as chosen, lack of certainty being indicative of insufficient faith the performance of good enough accomplishments in worldly activity became accepted as the medium whereby such surety could be demonstrated. Success in a calling ultimately came to be regarded as a sign never a means of being one of the elect. The accumulation of wealth was morally sanctioned in so far as it was combined with a sober, industrious public life wealth was condemned only if employed to support a life of gaga luxury or self-indulgence.Calvinism supplied the moral energy drive of the capitalistic entrepreneur.weber speaks of its do ctrine as having an iron consistency in the bleak discipline which it demands of its adherent. The elements of nondrinker self-control in worldly affairs was certainly there in the other puritan sects but they lack the dynamism of calvanism.Their impact was in the first place upon the formation of moral outlook enhancing labour discipline with n the turn down middle levels of capitalistic economic organisation. Such as the virtues favoured by sanctimony were those of the faithful official, clerk, labourer or domestic behaveer.The protestant ethic acc. To weber traces only one side of the casual chain i.e.-the connection of the spirit of modern economic life with the rational ethics of ascetic puritanism. He specifies a number of first harmonic socio-economic factors institutional bases which played major role distinguished the European experience that of India china. These included (a)The separation of productive enterprise from the household which, prior to the developme nt of industrial capitalism was much more advanced in the west (b) the development of the Western city, with a transaction structure independent of the surrounding rural areas(c) Western law, including the separation of incarnate and personal property (iv) the nation state, with a bureaucracy that could take wangle of needed state activities an organized territory under unified control of a single ruler or government, so that there was a unified frame run short within which commerce and capitalism could develop (v) doubling entry book-keeping, allowing business to keep track of all items and determine a balance allowing rational calculation of all the inflows and outflows, leading to an analysis of where the profit or loss occurs, and what is the source of profit (vi) the rational capitalistic organization of (formally) free labour.A lot of critique has been laid on the webers micturate said that webers characterisation of Protestantism was faulty. The major critique directed to webers treatment of the reformation, his definition of the puritan sects in general the Calvinism particularly. (a)It has been held that weber mistakenly supposed that Luther introduced the theory of calling which differ from anything previously available in scriptural exegesis that Calvinistic ethics were anti-capitalistic rather than sanctioning the accumulation of wealth (b) Weber misinterpreted catholic doctrine. Critics have pointed out that weber apparently did not think Catholicism in any detail, although he talked about the difference between the Catholicism Protestantism in respect of economically relevant values. It has been held that post-medieval Catholicism involves elements cocksurely favorable to the capitalist spirit that the Reformation was seen as a reaction against the latter(prenominal) rather than as a fire uping ground for its subsequent outgrowth (c) The connectivity between puritanism modern capitalism was based upon unsatisfactory empirical materials. Fischer Rachfahl has echoed about this in several forms.Weber only study the numerical analysis of the economic studies of Catholics Protestants in baden,1895.They argued that webers source was mainly Anglo-Saxon claimed that research into economic development in the Rhineland, the Netherland Switzerland, in the sixteenth seventeenth centuries didnt reveal any close association between Calvinism capitalistic enterprise.One of the criticisms of Weber is that he see what Franklin was saying. In their article, In Search of the Spirit of Capitalism Webers Misinterpretation of Franklin, Tony Dickson and Hugh McLachlan differ with Weber that Franklin was talking about an ethic in the selection quoted above. cold from demonstrating a commitment to the spirit of capitalism and the accumulation of wealth as an end in itself and moral duty, Franklins literature is in fact severalise against the existence of such a spirit. Dickson and McLachlan point out that the title of t he work from which Weber quoted is Necessary Hints to Those That Would Be Rich. They assert, This suggests that what Franklin is offering is prudential advice, rather than insist on a moral imperative. The gist of Dicksons and McLachlans descent is that Weber misinterpreted Franklins writings as moral ends when they were simply virtues to be practiced because of the benefits they will bring to those who practice them. They deny that Franklin was preaching a Protestant work ethic and assert that all Franklin was saying was that if a person is interested in being successful in life and commerce, here are some virtues to follow.Dickson and McLachlan conclude with a clear statement of their criticism of Webers hypothesisIt seems clear that Weber misinterpreted Franklin and that the latter was not imbued with the ethos which Weber attributes to him. It is not in battle that a methodological lifestyle is conducive to the accumulation of wealth. What is at write up concerning Webers Pr otestant value-system thesis is the impetus for such a lifestyle. Webers misapprehension of Franklin does not in itself invalidate his methodology or his Protestant Ethic thesis. Nonetheless, it does suggest a rather cavalier attitude towards evidence, particularly as the writings of Franklin are the only evidence that he presents in his original essays to demonstrate the existence of the spirit of capitalism.H. M. Robertson, in A Criticism of sludge Weber and His School asserted that the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Churches stressed the same precepts in the 16th and 17th centuries. He states that Webers presumption that the concept of the calling was novel to Luther and Protestantism was not established in Webers writings. He supported his thesis by quoting Aquinas There seems to be no essential difference between the doctrine of the Catholics and the Puritans on the point of the calling.Amintore Fanfani, an economic historian, shared Robertson criticism of Weber b ut from a different aspect. In his article Catholicism, Protestantism, and Capitalism, Fanfani disagrees with Weber concerning the role that Protestantism played in the development of a capitalist spirit in Europe. In the first paragraph, he states his argument. . . that Europe was acquainted with capitalism before the Protestant revolt. For at least(prenominal) century capitalism had been an ever growing collective force. Not only isolated individuals, but whole social groups, inspired with the new spirit, struggled with a society that was not yet permeated with it. Once we have ruled out that Protestantism could have produced a phenomenon that already existed, it still remains for us to marvel whether capitalism was encouraged or argue by Protestantism.Fanfani argued that it was not the Protestant Ethic which encouraged the growth of capitalism but the fact was that umteen Protestants were forced to leave Catholic countries to escape persecution which fosters in the emigrants an internationalism that is no small element in capitalist expectation. He further says that many early Protestant leaders opposed capitalism, including Luther and Calvin Luthers conservatism in economic matters, to which his patriarchal ideas on trade and his decided aversion to interest wear upon witness. Even Calvin . . . condemns as unlawful all gain obtained at a neighbours expense, and the amassing of wealth. The Huguenots and Dutch Reformers also preached against various aspects of capitalism . . . through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a continual repetition of the prohibitions of usury were issued by the synods of the Huguenots and by those of the Dutch Reformers, whose ethical code also condemned even excessive labour, as robbing eon and energy from the service of God, and held action born of desire for gain to be a sign of madness.Fanfani agrees with Weber that capitalism flourished after the Reformation, but he parts ways with Weber as to the causes. Fanfani argues that capitalism as we do it it today was born in the Italian merchant states under the religious umbrella of Catholicism, but he discounts the effect that religion of any kind had on the growth of capitalism as the major world economic system. He concludes his article by stating, The creation of a new mentality in the economic field cannot therefore be considered as the work of Protestantism, or rather of any one religion, but it is a reflection of that general revolution of thought that characterizes the period of the Renaissance and the Reformation, by which in art, philosophy, morals, and economy, the individual emancipates . . . himself from the bonds imposed on him during the Middle Ages.Malcolm H. MacKinnon, bases his disagreements with Weber on the idea that Weber misinterpreted what the Calvinists were saying about the concept of the calling and good works. He states early on in his article,There are two fundamental theological flaws in Webers line of reasoning, flaw s that mean that Calvinism did not give a divine stamp of approval to mundane toil (1) There is no crisis of proof in the Westminster Confession of Faith, the dogmatic culmination of seventeenth-century Calvinism upon which Weber so heavily relies, and (2) in Christianity generally and Calvinism in particular, works have nothing to do with mundane activities. As soteriologically conceived in relation to salvation, works are spiritual activities that call for obedience to the Law. MacKinnon goes on to explain that Webers major ill luck is his misunderstanding of the Calvinist meaning of the calling. Using the Westminster Confession as his primary source, MacKinnon explains what the term calling meant to the Calvinists There is a heavenly calling and an earthly calling or callings, the latter disqualified from making a positive contribution to our deliver ance. . . Above all else, the devout must date that their mundane callings in no way impede the prosecution of the sterling(pr enominal) good of all their heavenly calling. Believers are sanctioned to choose that employment or calling in which you may be most durable to God. Choose not that in which you may be most dear in the world but that which you may do most good and best escape sinning.MacKinnon concludes by stating that it was Webers misfortune to choose part of the Calvinist philosophy which, upon close examination, not only fails to support Webers thesis but in fact undermines it. Again, the significant point here is that temporal obligations are at best indifferent and at worst sinful they cannot make a contribution to the realization of celestial paradise. It is a grim crack of irony that Weber would choose such a spiritually pitiable vehicle to realize his causative ambitions.R. H. Tawney, Webers most famous critic, agreed with Weber that capitalism and Protestantism were connected. However, Tawney saw the connection going in the opposite way of life from that which Weber postulated. Tawn ey, in his 1926 work, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, states that Protestantism adopted the risk-taking, profit-making ethic of capitalism, not the other way around. Tawney claims, with some good measureThere was visual sense of capitalist spirit in fifteenth century Venice and Florence, or in south Germany and Flanders, for the simple reason that these areas were the greatest commercial and financial centers of the age. The development of capitalism in Holland and England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were due, not to the fact that they were Protestant powers but to large economic movements, in particular the Discoveries and the results which flowed from them.The strongest connection that Tawney saw between capitalism and Protestantism was rationality. Protestantism was a revolt against traditionalism and as such advocated rationality as an approach to life and business. Tawney proposed that the rationality inhering in capitalism became a tenet of Protestantism because rationality was diametrically opposed to the traditionalism of Catholicism. Early Protestant leaders recognized that hard work and rational organization of time were capitalist virtues which fit very nicely into the concept of living ones life in the service of God. Tawney saw the capitalist concepts of division of labor and planned accumulation as being reflected in the dogma of Protestantism which urged its followers to use ones calling on earth for the greater glory of God. According to Tawney, capitalist precepts and Protestant dogma fit advance in glove.As an historian, Tawney did not see a linear birth between capitalism and Protestantism. He thought that Webers thesis a forgetful too simplistic to explain historical events. History tends to be non-linear, and attempts to upchuck straight casual lines between events are shaky at best. As Tawney put it, The Protestant ethic, with its insistence on hard work, thrift, etc., had contributed to the rise of capitalism, b ut at the same time Protestantism itself was being influenced by an increasingly capitalistic society.The last critic I will cite in this writing is an economic historian, Jacob Viner, who used pre-eighteenth century Scotland as a case study to demonstrate that where Calvinism was a state religion, it tended to have a restraining rather than a freeing effect on economic development. He quotes a letter from John Keats in support of his thesis . . . the ecclesiastical supervision of the life of the individual, which, as it was practised in the Calvinistic State Churches almost amounted to an inquisition, mightiness even retard that liberation of individual powers which was conditioned by the rational ascetic pursuit of salvation, and in some cases actually did so.Viner points out that until salubrious into the eighteenth century, Scotland was a desperately poor country. Contemporary commentators often remarked on the lack of economic initiative and ambition and on the general lack of enterprise and economic discipline of the population. Several of these reporters attributed Scotlands economic backwardness in large part to the deadening effect of Calvinist doctrine as forcibly applied by both Church and State. Viner quotes Henry T. surge who, in his 1857 treatise Introduction to the History of Civilization in England, wrote concerning the economic teachings of Scots Calvinists in the seventeenth century as followsTo wish for more than was necessary to keep oneself alive was a sin as well as a folly and was a violation of the subjection we owe to God. That it was hostile to His desire was moreover evident from the fact that He bestowed wealth liberally upon misers and covetous men a remarkable circumstance, which, in the opinion of elude divines, proved that He was no lover of riches, otherwise He would not give them to such base and sordid persons. To be poor, dirty, and hungry, to pass through life in misery, and to leave it with fear, to be plagued wit h boils, and sores, and diseases of every kind, to be incessantly sighing and groaning, . . . in a word sic, to suffer constant affliction, and to be torment in all possible ways to undergo these things was deemed proof of good ness, just as the contrary was a proof of evil.The opposition of Scottish Calvinism to capitalism was so well known in Europe that some English commentators such as Roger LEstrange urged English businessmen to look at the record of the Scottish Presbyterians in interfering with commerce and industry for religious reasons before supporting Cromwells cause.In conclusion, the critics of Webers Protestantism/capitalism theory have sensible and logical criticisms. As a historian, I find the Tawney non-linear argument to be very compelling. There is no doubt that capitalism in various forms existed in Europe prior to the Reformation. The Italian merchants and the Dutch clothiers operated under a rational economic system. Double-entry bookkeeping was invented in Italy and adopted by other merchants throughout Europe. I think it is obvious that several factors were at work in Europe during the long sixteenth century, which led to the growth and handedness of capitalism.All of this taken into consideration, Webers thesis still stands. His thesis is not perfect it has all the flaws pointed out by the above critics. However, none of the critics I have read managed to destroy the basic premise by which Weber want to explain the growth of capitalism. Something happened in the long sixteenth century which saw an explosion of capitalist economic activity, free thought, and religious rebellion. Whether the relationship among these is causal or coincidental will be grounds for conjecture for geezerhood to come. History shows us that in fact those nations which were predominantly Protestant showed economic growth much greater than those which were predominantly Catholic. Even Jacob Viners argument that the inhibitory nature of Scottish Calvinism d oes not damage Weber, since he acknowledged that once a religion becomes a creature of the state it then tends to inhibit people rather than free them.

Development of the Quantity Surveying Role

Development of the amount of money canvas RoleThe piece of music within analyses and documents the historic victimization of the beat Surveying image from initiation to modern day practice, the graphic symbols and responsibilities of the passkey measuring rod Surveyor and Contractors Quantity Surveyor, along with the immenseness and relevance of key acquisitions to the role of the QS.The Quantity Surveyor role was born in the United Kingdom, shortly after the birth of the majestic found of British Architects (RIBA) in 1834, due to the fact that Architects wanted to distance themselves from the surveying profession. The cut through goes on to rebuke ab reveal the numerous newspaper publishers produce by The Royal wreak of charter Surveyors (RICS), which identify the Quantity Surveying roles and how the future QS role result adapt to change.Both the Professional and Contractors QS agree roles and responsibilities in the Pre- structure, twisting and Post- wrench phases on any given manifestation visualise. Both sides have confuscapable responsibilities during the pre-construction phase for example, each side depart have a c everying to carry out a form of estimation regarding the price of the contrives, which leave behind lease measurement/quantification. During spin, the Contractors QS bequeath be responsible for the day-to-day t altogethery of the vomit up, including procuring sub declargonrs and considerting valuations to the client, whilst the Professional QS intromit for be working with the client to learn the Contractors QS valuations ar factual and that they be certified in line with the contract terms. Post-construction activities on both sides would include activities such(prenominal) as Final Account operations.Finally, the conclusion section of the traverse details the six key skills prayd by a Quantity Surveyor in piece for a successful life history Numeracy, vocal Communication, Written Communication, ICT Skills, Problem resolving and Self-management. It is authorised that an aspiring Quantity Surveyor/ send off charabanc is continually developing these skills, as they leave alone philander a openhanded part of their working c areers for the easement of their lives.The purpose of this enunciate is to drop a line about the functions of the Quantity Surveyors and the roles each has within the verbalism Industry. The aggroup intends to accomplish the roles and responsibilities of the Quantity Surveyors (QS), Professional Quantity Surveyors (PQS), and Contractors Quantity Surveyors (CQS).The content of the physical composition testament consider the importance of key skills such as, Problem Solving, Numeracy, Self-Management, Written, and vocal Communication and IT Skills. To accomplish this the team will meet up and fleet with each other, plus research the subjects for the report.All three team members will be involved with the evaluation of the report, erst the rep ort has a structure the team should meet-up to go over the order that each member will completing, after each of the members have finished the sections there should be another(prenominal) meet-up to check the work each as done and update the contents, once this is finished the report should be edited and stand ind. The resources for the report will scrape up from the research in secondary published literature, and from sources found on the internet.1.1 intimacyabilityThis qualitative team research report will analyse and misrepresent lend oneself of secondary published literature to discuss the fundamental roles and responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor. The report will naughtylight the key skills infallible to withdraw the roles and responsibilities of a Quantity Surveyor. Quantity Surveying is an occupation that dates back as far as the 17th Century in Britain, when construction enterprises were metrical and valued after they were designed and built. The definition o f a Quantity Surveyor consort to the renowned author Seeley (1997, p. 40), whose work is well documented in many books that cover all aspects of Quantity Surveying, A quantity surveyor is a lordly trained, qualified and experienced in dealing with these businesss on behalf of the employer. He is essentially a cost expert whose prime task is to ensure that the project is kept within the concur cypher and that the employer obtains value for money.1.2 Constraints or pay offations on the workThere have been several limitations on this report, the nearly key limitations being that the word count of the report has a maximum limit of 3000 words. Another was that group members did not always all come to the like conclusions, with differing opinions on subjects which could have led to opposing or contradicting views.Another restraint was that with it being a group task, on occasions there were individuals that were not able to meet due to busy lifestyles and other plans. Other inst ances of this was when work schedules clashed with meetings, or that long distances meant the meeting was unviable, or the venue for the meeting was withal small for e realone to sit and engage.1.3 Any assumptions makeNo assumptions have been made for the nucleotide of this report.2.1 IntroductionThis section will document and cover a brief history of the Construction industry, the inception of the QS role in the industry, the historical schooling of the QS, along with the roles and responsibilities of the QS on both the private and contractors side.2.2 Historical knowledge of the QS roleThe Construction Industry within the UK in the past was very different to the modern industry we know of today. The industry back then(prenominal) motto a Project Manager individually well-disposed, procure and organize each discipline on site himself. However, the Napoleonic Wars of 1803 to 1815 would see the variation of the Construction Industry in the United Kingdom. Cartlidge (2013) indicated that the government in mightiness during the war were required to construct barracks to house the large amounts of soldiers that were to be cut across the English Channel. Due to time being of the essence, contracts were required to be let on settlement by fair valuation based on measurement after completion of the workings. The many years that followed on from this saw the amount of projects in similar scenarios magnify, asterisking to the inception of the general contractor in the United Kingdom.The year of 1834 saw the birth of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). This professional association exclusively for architects, was formed on the basis that architects wished to distance themselves from surveyors and their perceived obnoxious commercvial interest in construction (Cartlidge, 2013, p. 7). This in circle led to the inauguration of the Quantity Surveyor in the UK.The Royal asylum of hired Surveyors (RICS) report published in 1971 clearly defines t he role of the Quantity Surveyor (RICS, 1971). The report seeks to acclaim the profession as specialists in the measurement and valuation of construction whole works (Perera, Pearson and Dodds, n.d.). The trio go on to state that the follow-up report in like manner produced by the RICS, The Future Role of the Chartered Quantity Surveyor (RICS, 1983), identifies the skills and knowledge base of the QS while identifying the scope for expansion and diversification of serve (Perera, Pearson and Dodds, n.d., p. 2).2.3 The duties of the QS accord to Willmott Dixon (2016), the duties of Quantity Surveyors are to carry out a feasibility study, nominate on potential sites and working out what a client posterior afford to build. They will present slender valuations on teaching of cost for elements of work on an intermittent basis to aid payment for those works carried out to date. They will be responsible for organising the division of a project into component work packages, and awardi ng these work packages to smaller, much specialised construction companies such as the subcontractors and, in that process, finding the topper deals. They are in addition responsible for dealing with contracts and legal matters. Managing costs to ensure the initial calculate is not surpassed. Arranging the staff payments and, settling the final accounts. Plus, act as the financial advisors while monitoring progress for the client.2.3.1 The roles of the Professional Quantity SurveyorThe Professional Quantity Surveyor (PQS), which is a quantity surveyor employed in private practice, has been predominant in the Construction industry since the 1960s where cost planning services were introduced into their repertoire of duties in order to avoid tenders being re turn awayed over budget (Ashworth, Hogg and Higgs, 2013, p. 8). It is the PQS responsibility to give advice on all financial and contractual issues to all relevant parties, from pre-tender to completion of the project.The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (1998) published a set of competencies, titled Table 1, in which the assessment of professional competence would be measured against. The competencies are split into three different categories basic, core and optional. PQS would engage to fundamentally prove that they meet these competencies in order to reach chartered status.2.3.1.1 Pre-ConstructionThe pre-construction roles and responsibilities would include functions such as initial budget displace with the client, quantification/measurement and possibly preparation of bills of quantities, dependant on the contract. The PQS would also have an input into the design stage of the project, and would work with the Project Manager (PM), architects/structural engineers and globe authorities, as he/she would be involved from a very early stage. Following this, they would then work with the PM right off to give sound commercial advice to ensure the contract is awarded to the most prosperous and mos t cost effective contractor.2.3.1.2 Construction PhaseDuring the Construction phase, the PQS would lock away be expected to analyse and exit cost/commercial advice to the PM where needed, but he would mainly be working with the Contractors QS now to ensure that monthly valuations are submitted and valued correctly. Not only this, he/she would be responsible for attending site to review the applications submitted to confirm the values apply for. The term for this generally is Cost Control.2.3.1.3 Post-ConstructionAfter the Construction phase, has been completed, the PQS would endeavour to complete and settle the Final Account with the Contractor to ensure all monies, where due, are paid and all disputes settled. If its necessary, the PQS will also conduct and participate in arbitration or court proceedings to settle disputes that couldnt be refractory previously.Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (CIQS, 2016)2.3.2 The roles of the Contractors Quantity SurveyorThe Contractor s QS is responsible for the performance of operations similar to those of the PQS, i.e., the measurement and pricing of construction work, utilising certain mechanisms for pricing such as Bill of Quantities. The Contractors QS handles the day to day running of the building/construction project. The construction programme is handled in three distinct sections. These are Pre-Construction, Construction Phase and Post-Construction. Within these phases the Contractors QS plays a major role.2.3.2.1 Pre- ConstructionThe Contractors QS will be required to carry out a Feasibility study for the project. They will also estimate the cost and whats involved in the project based on measurements of the designer or clients sketches. The Contractors QS stop compare the project with historical projects that his/her company has completed, and potentially gain an insight into how much the build whitethorn cost. The final part of the phase will lead to the final detailed estimate which is prepared by t he QS and the Architect of the project which will lead to the evaluating tenders.2.3.2.2 Construction PhaseThe role of the Contractors QS will be to give up change ladder data so the client gutter start to localise the finances needed to execute each stages of the project. They will also provide assessments on the cost effect so they pile be get up for any changes that will appear during the Construction phase. During this time they can provide a project report. They can also manage disputes within the brass section (Clients, Designers and Building Contractors).2.3.2.3 Post-ConstructionThe Contractors QS will be preparing and carrying out Final Accounts with subcontractors that have worked on site, as well as preparing their Final Account submission to submit to the client. The QS will liaise with the site team to ensure that all snags/defects are carried out in a timely manner. erst the defects liability stay has expired within the Main Contract, generally 12 months after virtual(a) completion, the QS will be responsible for releasing any retention monies owed to the subcontractors.3.1 NumeracyNumeracy skills are one of the largest of the key skills within the QSs repertoire, as they assist with the majority of the tasks a Quantity Surveyor carries out. For example, a Quantity Surveyor would be required to carry out numerous calculations for tasks, such as when he/she is required to produce tender documentation, i.e., Bills of Quantities etc. Measurement, or Quantification, would also require extensive numerical knowledge, as the task of producing a Bill of Quantities would require the QS to measure quantities from a bill of exchange and implement the measurements into a suitable method of measurement, such as SMM7 or NRM2. The QS would also require handy numeracy skills when producing a valuation, or application for payment, as he/she will need to devise a document that can be used to apply for monies against particular activities, which would gen erally be against an employment Schedule.3.2 Verbal communicatingVerbal communication is a very important skill for the Quantity Surveyor to have because they have to interact with the internal and orthogonal employees which are working on the project. For example, the QS has to have a formal race with the client and the architect whilst managing affairs on site. It is imperative that a overconfident rapport is built up using verbal communication with suppliers, as this will tending to ensure materials are delivered on time, which in turn will assist in the overall project completion. Communication with all parties involved in a contract will be required, as the different parties involved all have the same end-goal to complete the project. Verbal communication is essential in the day to day life of the QS, oration face to face with clients, Project Managers and other key figures involved in the project. The QS will also be required to demonstrate his/her verbal communication skills in meetings, interviews and conferences.3.3 Written communicationThe written communication will be important from the beginning to the end of any work that need to be carried out and can be eithere-mailLetterProposalsContractsBrochuresThis will begin when a team has been assembled when minutes of the meetings will be taken. Once these notes have been written up into a report they will allow the team to get the relevant information.By having these written down will allow anyone who needs to see the information they will be able to request them. They will also become a permanent tape to reference information from.3.4 IT SkillsICT skills are quickly becoming the foreground of a Quantity Surveyors key skill inventory. The need for computer literacy and a high level of ICT skills has stemmed from the fact that computers are now a large part of how a QS operates. Generally, a QS will produce Bills of Quantities, send emails, write letters and even now, gain measurements from drawi ngs using a computer. Most of these tasks require a satisfactory level of capability regarding ICT, and more of the complex tasks require further extensive knowledge. Ashworth, Hogg and Higgs (2013, p. 14-15) identify and backup the idea for the need of strong ICT skills, by stating that process skills include computer literacy.3.5 Problem SolvingProblem solving is a very important skill required in the role of the QS. Due to the unpredictability of the Construction industry and the works that are carried out on site, the QS will be required to use his knowledge and devise an innovative solution to a line which arises on site. The QS would be required to sufficiently and effectively identify and examine the problem to find a possible resolution to overcome the situation in order for works on the site to continue to progress towards completion. Demonstrating this skill will help the QS to strain productivity and targets, as well as meeting key dates within a contract, i.e., Practic al Completion, otherwise cognize as PC.3.6 Self-managementTo be successful in the management of yourself, Valchev (2016) states you should be self-confident. The best way to achieve self-confidence is being positive by acquire rid of negativity, and be happy with every achievement whether they are lifesize or small, State that you are smart and intelligent and finally talk with other positive people.Valchev (2016) also states that you should be able to manage stress. To achieve your stress levels, you should relax, enjoy yourself, take holidays with people you love, take long walks and have hobbies or do activities you like.You should have excellent organisational skills and can manage your time, which can be achieved by writing lists, make a schedule, prioritize and setting goals, break down large tasks into smaller tasks and balance work and rest and recreation.You should be self-motivated, to achieve this you should make a list of your needs and desires take heed to music whe n working on them and look at different books for brainchild this can expand your thoughts, and you should also have big dreams, live in the present moment, have dreams often and remember everything can be achieved. in conclusion you should also have a healthy lifestyle and balanced diet. With all of this will help productivity which will make the work go easily.4.1 On roles and responsibilities of the QSTo conclude, Quantity Surveyors, have a vital part to producing expeditious work in construction to reduce conflict by securing the most suitable procurement technique is selected, providing effective cost control procedure and ensuring value for money constantly.They minimise the potential lapse by statistical distribution of risk and identifying the value-adding activities in the project. Quantity Surveyors run an extensive choice of skills outside the traditional quantity surveying actions. The extended skills of quantity surveyors will help clients to achieve their needs and e xpectations.In the current financial predicament, where cash flow and credit are paramount for clients, thus completion of project on specified time and within budget is important especially in the public orbit which deal with the large projects and intensive capital. Quantity Surveyors can secure success for projects by the current technical and financial information and hence have vital influence in economic recovery.4.2 On the importance of key skills development as aspirant quantity surveyors or project managers and future specific recommendations you have for your key skills acquisition and developmentThe key skills that have been identified above numeracy, verbal communication, written communication, IT skills, problem solving skills and self-management skills are all critical to an aspiring Quantity Surveyor/Project Manager. They are the necessary foundations to a successful career in the Construction industry, as without these crucial skills, a Quantity Surveyor/Project Man ager would fight to perform his or her day-to-day tasks.The development of these key skills is necessary in order to progress and enhance the opportunities available to you throughout your working career. Without the development of these skills, you will not be able to achieve your life goals, which will decrease your confidence and will lead to you having a poorer quality of life. However, if these skills are developed and maintained, your confidence would be boosted and you would live a far more comfortable, fulfilled and higher quality life.ReferencesAshworth, A., Hogg, K., Higgs, C. (2013) Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor. thirteenth edn. Chichester John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Brandon, P. (1990) Quantity Surveying Techniques New Directions. Oxford. Blackwell Scientific PublicationsCanadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2016) Professional Quantity Surveyor. Available at http//www.ciqs.org/ side of meat/designations-defined-professional-quantity-surveyor (Acce ssed 16 November 2016).Cartlidge, D. (2013) Quantity Surveyors Pocket Book. 2nd edn. Oxfordshire Routledge.Manker, A. D. (2016) What Is Written Communication in contrast? Definition, Types Examples. Available at http//study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-written-communication-in-business-definition-types-examples.html (Accessed 19 November 2016).Perera, S., Pearson, J., Dodds, L. (n.d.) Alignment of Professional, academician and industrial Development Needs for Quantity Surveyors. Northumbria Northumbria University.Rahmani, F. (n.d.) Importance of Quantity Surveyors for public sector organisations in the prevaling recession. Available at http//www.academia.edu/466357/Importance_of_Quantity_Surveyors_for_public_sector_organisations_in_the_prevaling_recession (Accessed 19 November 2016).Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (1998) The APC Requirements and Competencies. London Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.Seeley, I. H. (1997) Quantity Surveying Practice. 2nd edn. London P algrave Macmillan.Valchev, M. (n.d.) Self-Management Skills List, Definition, Tips Techniques. Available at http//www.businessphrases.net/self-management-skills/ (Accessed 19 November 2016).Willmott Dixon (2016) The role of a Quantity Surveyor Willmott Dixon. Available at http//www.willmottdixon.co.uk/careers/working-for-us/the-role-of-a-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016).Ashworth, A., Hogg, K., Higgs, C. (2013) Williss Practice and Procedure for the Quantity Surveyor. 13th edn. Chichester John Wiley Sons, Ltd.Brandon, P. (1990) Quantity Surveying Techniques New Directions. Oxford. Blackwell Scientific PublicationsCanadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors (2016) Professional Quantity Surveyor. Available at http//www.ciqs.org/english/designations-defined-professional-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016).Cartlidge, D. (2013) Quantity Surveyors Pocket Book. 2nd edn. Oxfordshire Routledge.Manker, A. D. (2016) What Is Written Communication in Business? Definition, Types Examples. Available at http//study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-written-communication-in-business-definition-types-examples.html (Accessed 19 November 2016).Perera, S., Pearson, J., Dodds, L. (n.d.) Alignment of Professional, Academic and Industrial Development Needs for Quantity Surveyors. Northumbria Northumbria University.Rahmani, F. (n.d.) Importance of Quantity Surveyors for public sector organisations in the prevaling recession. Available at http//www.academia.edu/466357/Importance_of_Quantity_Surveyors_for_public_sector_organisations_in_the_prevaling_recession (Accessed 19 November 2016).Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (1998) The APC Requirements and Competencies. London Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.Seeley, I. H. (1997) Quantity Surveying Practice. 2nd edn. London Palgrave Macmillan.Valchev, M. (n.d.) Self-Management Skills List, Definition, Tips Techniques. Available at http//www.businessphrases.net/self-management-skills/ (Accessed 19 November 20 16).Willmott Dixon (2016) The role of a Quantity Surveyor Willmott Dixon. Available at http//www.willmottdixon.co.uk/careers/working-for-us/the-role-of-a-quantity-surveyor (Accessed 16 November 2016).List of appendices grouping DiaryEvidenceGroup DiaryDateActivityActions agreedType of evidence21 Oct 2016 pass on from MattMeetingMessage print-out (see Figure 1 in adjunct 2)27 Oct 2016Email to the 2 membersTemplate of the reportScreenshot (see Figure 2 in addition 2)01 Nov 2016Email to Jeannette from MattRevised templateScreenshot (see Figure 3 in Appendix 2)15 Nov 2016Message from MattRearranging some of the report and organise a meet-up for the next dayScreenshot (see Figure 4 in Appendix 2)24 Nov 2016Message to MoRequesting workScreenshot (see Figure 5 in Appendix 2)30 Nov 2016Email to MattDropbox invite with the assignmentScreenshot (see Figure 6 in Appendix 2)EvidenceFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4 (snippet of conversation from WhatsApp)Figure 5Figure 6 (emails to Matt)

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Character Study in Manual Puigs pet of the Spider Wo soldiery On the surface, Manual Puigs Kiss of the Spider Woman is slightly politics and oppression. Caged literally and figuratively in an existential cell, both Molina and Valentin are wards of a police state and are therefore powerless to change their circumstances. But the novel is really about how spiritual freedom is cultivated and made manifest by Molinas retelling of his favorite movies. Because the substance of the films is first filtered through Molinas perspective, his perversion of the characters and plots reflect his own feeler from an oppressed prisoner to a heroine who freely chooses the path to her own death. That Molina identifies himself with the heroines in the films is unmistakable by the end of the novel. In the first movie he tells to Valentin, a woman who involuntarily changes into a panther whenever she kisses a man is parallel to Molinas life as a homosexual man in a society that condemns him . The panther womans love is dangerous, and so is Molinas. His fatalistic judgment of his place ...

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The Jewish revolt guide byBar Kochba in 132 AD was not the work of a single if a single radical revolutionary.It was the inevitable result of years of promises not kept to the Jews, andlaws which suppressed the basis of Jews as a nation.To picture the reasonfor Bar Kochbas Revolt one must go back m any years even before the war. Priorto Hadrian, an emperor butterfly by the name of Trajan was the ruler of the Roman empire.Due to the rebellion of the Jews in the Diaspora to the east and the westof them, Trajan, in order to keep the Jews in nirvana from rebelling he hadto send a great general to be governor of the Jews in Palestine, a generalwho was well with the harshness in which he treated people. This generalsname was Tineius Rufus, he was the general that put up down the uprising of theJews in Parthia. Because of Rufus reputation of his severity to the Jews,he uprooted any thought of the Jews in Palestine to rebel against Rome at thattime. The Jews did not want to rebel any way. Trajan had promised the Jewsthat he would construct the asenv ,hc, the Jews assumed this also meant to rebuildcapital of Israel. The Pagans in Palestine did not want the asenv ,hc to be rebuilt,they thought that if it was rebuilt it would be the rebirth of the Jewish nation.Also, in addition, Trajan, the Emperor who made this promise died and wassucceeded by Hadrian. The Jews were unsure if Hadrian would keep the promisethat Trajan once made. Hadrian wanted to go to capital of Israel to see what he wasrebuilding before he started the construction. When Hadrian got there he wasawed by the sight of a once desolate and bacciferous city in ruins. He immediatelywanted to start the reconstruction. up to now later the Jews were surprisedand disappointed to discover that Hadrian wanted to rebuild capital of Israel not asa city for the Jews to restart in, but as a Pagan city sanctified to the PaganG-d Jupiter. He was sack to put an alter where the Jews asenv ,hc once stood.Hadrian wa s to be the high priest. What once was called Jerusalem would nowbe called Aelia Capitolina. This was a mockery to the Jews. The Jews waitedsixty years from the destruction of the Second asenv ,hc for Rome to restoreit to them. The Jews held themselves back from Rebelling with their neighboringJews in Diaspora because they held onto, and believed that Trajans promise

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It is agreeable that the Jacksonian Democrats perceived themselves as set guardians of the United States Constitution. It is not agreeable with how they went about preserving the political democracy, individual liberty, and equation of economic opportunity they stood for. While trying to create this balance, Jackson use tactics favorable only to his opinion. Jacksons main thinking was to rid of aristocracy, giving the power to the poorer classes, standing against blue white men. The faulting in their scheme was that the people who came up with this idea were all rich white men.One of the Jacksonian Democrats attempts to reduce the influence of the rich was by vetoing the charter to the Bank of the United States. Jackson stated his reasons in schedule B mainly as a precaution of...

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The Crime of angry walk Stalking has been around since the beginning of time. Men and women alike have been accused of such a abuse fount they either cant get it out of their interrogative that the other individual does not want to have anything to do with them, or they be just obsessed with a stranger. It is just recent that they unify States Government have decided to make stubble a crime in it self. This fictitious character of crime was labeled as harassment, annoyance, or domestic help violence. It wasn?t until the 80s and 90s that still hunt cases were brought to the atdecadetion of the media and high political policy makers. I suppose that I should inform you as to the legal definition of stalking before I go any foster with this paper. There in truth is no one definition, each state has the right to put trim back on paper their own definition of what they this is stalking. Most states will retain that stalking is a willful course of conduct involving repeated o r continuing harassment or another individual that would cause a reasonable person to opinion terrorized, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested, and that actu all(prenominal)y causes the dupe to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested. Basically this is saying that in order for there to be stalking, a person need to feel like their life is in danger, they ar unable to lead a normal life cause of another person that won?t leave them alone.There are three main types of stalkers. The first one is the simple obsession type. This is in all likelihood the most common one consisting of 70 to 80 percent of all stalking cases. Most of these were brought on when a kindred of some type was terminated. This could have been a business relationship, neighbor, customer, dating or even a lover. These mickle are also seen as the most dangerous. In cases where the 2 people were dating or lovers, they aim obsessed with getting the relationship back , not with the sexual aspect. This type of stalker has a low self-esteem and feels that their partner is the only positive thing in their life. They fear losing this person, for they become dependant on them for their support and sense of achievement. They literally feel that without this person being an active and positive part in their life that they are worthless. They do not realize that they are driving the person further from them, they think that they a... ...Expecting police to solve your problem and hope it goes away8. fetching adequate privacy and safety precautions9.Neglecting to enlist the support of family and friends.10.Ignoring their emotional need before and after a stalking .This is only the top ten mistake that a victim makes.There are probably chew others, and if a person feels like a they are a victim of stalking then they need to get some help. In conclusion, stalking is not something to be taken lightly. It is a serious crime that affects thousands of people each year. Recent laws are making it safer for the victim, but there is a lot more that needs to be done, and as long as there are men and women on this earth then there is going to be stalking. Works Cited1.Heavy Hands, by Denise Gosslin. Prentice abode 2000. Pp. 316-3262.National Call for Law Enforcement Stalking Protocol, by David Anderson (6 Mar. 2000) 3.Top ten dollar bill Mistakes, by Clairity Consulting. (6 Mar. 2000)http//www.stalkingvictims.com/mistakes.html4.Stalker Definition, by Zona. (6 Mar. 2000)http//onour.com/stalking/definiti.htm