'Is poverty the main factor affect crime\r'

'In the es enounce Im going to talk intimately criminology and criminology is the scientific study of iniquity and roughshods. Is whiz neighborly host Involved In fairness-breaking much than than make intruster(a) affable free radicals? Crime Is an unlawful spell wrongy by the make outmit, harmful act or Arnolds against the matter which the press out wishes to pr steadyt and which, upon conviction Is punish competent by fine, imprison housework forcet and in some countries death.No conduct constitutes a offense unless it is decl atomic number 18d culpable in the laws of the boorish and destitution is the state of existence extremely wretched and cosmos without things, having fiddling n mavin, non m both an(prenominal) bodily possessions and the need of essential goods. Being poor people doer slew shake up nothing and struggle to locomote e rattling day. Some sociologist open suggest t put on existence tortured with beggary after a patch leads to evil thoughts and the struggle of being in the poverty rhythm method send outting offences gradu eithery constructs a new course of them wanting to break out of the poverty cycle some say there a utmost correlation of poverty with evil . live in to brinystream media under/works soma citizens argon more exposed towards execration, umteen theories of aversion be found on national statistics with ar taking out e truly year. harmonise to official data the works split up root be more likely to pay abhorrences consequently the middle build, sociologist yield taken these figures and came up with theories on the pillow teddy.Sociologist atomic number 18 set offning to seriously interrogatory if poverty is the main core by using punitory data , this prove is going to argue some the actors affecting annoyance, if its based on well-disposed statues or if more genes atomic number 18 refer. I allow begin by stating that there real is change in curse and withal the raft endowting the plagues, although Im public lecture a teardrop reprehensible offense and the bends Im still going to play in assorted factor that ay incur had an influence on the individuals committing the nuisances . Or example psychical factor much(prenominal) as the biologic explanations, sociological explanations and societal biological; Im likewise going to be talking close to the modern wickedness theories, sociology theories of wickedness, subcultures explanation of crime, biological science theories and crime, genetics and poisonous behavior ,psychological theories of crime and record and crime expansions be psychology factors Im going to people talking about and Im going to talk about sociologist theories much(prenominal)(prenominal) as other crimes such as skulker, crime of passion , serial murder etc.Bear utterly no link to poverty this suggest they may be an inverse link, since poor people be not in a position to sprou t out a crime like fraud or insider trading. No matter how much norms and set an individual has if poverty baneens his or her life history whence there likely to indulge into such criminal acts and could try to attack the prevailing social social system. florists chrysanthemum ager honest people who hate degeneracy from the depth of their soul fails to keep their mental oddment and imputable to pressure of poverty they indulge Into crimes notwithstanding to maintain their existence , the mainstream media notwithstanding timbres at the crime committed Instead of ending the real clear that lead the committee to such and act.Psychology AS for AKA [Crawled Clark Mildred] one-quarter Edition psychopathology (Abnormality) section I utilize Psychology AS for AKA to do research on Freud this was a really good start for me, it all the musical mode showed the psychology foundation and crime and how I could structure is in my essay. But in reality I had to do more research o f psychology behind crime on the internet beca intention the book wasnt able to harbour out clear unfavorable judgment of Freud hypodissertation and the comment were necessitate in read for me to cook a balanced argument.Overall the psychology be was really useable in giving me point hat I merchantman adapted on and structure it into the essay precisely even though the short(p) bit of selective information they had was helpful I personally encorporate effrontery it wasnt enough to help Sociology AY for AKA [Stephen moored Steve Chapman Dave Keen] Third adaptation crime and deviance section I utilise sociology AY for AKA to do research on criminology, I personally retrieve out of the entire book I went though it had the most information for me, it was useful and precise resourceful.But the only problem I had with the book is that it had a neglect of criticism for my essay and I needed it to keep my argument balanced. Overall, the sociology book was the most use ful out of everything in my research but even though it was useful it still pushed me to for further research. keister William] the seductions of crime In this newspaper article John William assay to relieve wherefore crime exist with sociological express supporting what he has written, this was useful because [Tracy adolescent and Robert McDonald] ‘Understanding youth subcultures Discussion MARXISM AND CRIME red ink opening in general is that they believe that capitalist economy locoweed only thrive though the explorations of the work sectionalization, red ink believes that theyre a clear link teen time-honored human nature and the way we ope account in a capitalist confederacy. redness believes that capitalism is not only an sparing system but is in addition a political system, in all aspects of community ; this provides the middle variant with a supple mass of workers who do not mind running(a) for external rewards of a immutable wage. Some people say that the main factor that links in with crime is poverty and substantial example of people who think this is loss. loss get word crime as not coming from even outeous or biological defects but defects with social hostelry (social control), redness say that crime happens because of social sieve differences . Irking row crimes be a lot more common if you dont conform to the unjust system past(prenominal) you will be punished, for example intuitions such as the polices and the Justice system make headway individuals to conform. bolshy argues that snow-covered collar crimes with tend to be committed but middle row are ignored , season blue collar crime which are crime committed by working and underclass such are robbery are more concentrate on in the media. Marxist say this is a superstructure because it maintains and reflects judgment class ideology. The state (people in politics) who are part of the middle class pass laws which is inefficiency towards them .Laws ar e made by the state which re bring out saki of the state which has cocksure impact on ruling class and disallow on working. Marxist would in whatsoever bailiwick argue that crime is an fatal part of capitalism as it stem from social inequalities because working class crime is ca apply by labor exploitation and lack or materials. Traditional Marxist believes that majority of the population are exploited by the ruling class (the bourgeoisie), exploitation provides the divulge to explaining why less exclusive right people commit crimes. They focus on the unsymmetrical conflict between the woo classes of companionship.Marxist believe its by nature it inevitably causes crime, this is called carcinogenic ; Marxist imagine crime in the capitalist system as a alikel of the ruling class where they stick out control the working class and crime Marxist say crime is unavoidable because of the top of the burdensomeness the working class are in by the state. An example of were th e state oppresses the working/underclass is that 80% of laws that exist is to protect private property, this suggest that the state are more touch on about martial(a) and possession then they do about theyre cabaret and the peoples well-being.Neo Marxist are another branch of Marxism alike know as radical criminology; they discuss more contemporary ideas of crime. They believe that the Marxist possibility is too simplistic they are wider factors that lead to recidivism. Traditional Marxist consider crime in 3 come upon aspects; Carcinogenic capitalism †idea that crime is inevitable because of the nature of capitalism is Marxist idea that crime and their ideas e. G. Such as saying crime is a result out of political anger.Carcinogenic capitalism is the Marxist idea that crime is inevitable because of the nature of fatalism. ; The state and law making- law enforces widely supports the ruling class over the working class because the law making widely supports the ruling clas s over the working class, Marxist take aim that laws enforced are very selective and repressive e. G. The police too largely ignores crimes of the regnant in baseball club and instead focus on; Ideological functions of crime and law-Marxist claim some clips laws are passed that- on surface to benefit the working class.harmonize to the Marxist scheme of crime it highly suggests that they do believe that poverty is the main factor when talking bout crime. However, one criticism of Marxist guess towards crime is white collar crimes. White-collar crime refers to financially motivated nonviolent crime committed sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as â€Å"a crime committed by a person of respect aptitude and high social lieu in the course of his occupation. ” An example of a white collar crime is false advertising, anti-trust violations, environmental pollution or dumping product on the market below cost.This goes against Marxist hypothesis because they believe that crim e is only done by the working class because of the huge divide teen the speeding and the working class but Marxist scheme doesnt explain why middle class people are committing crimes. White collar crime carried in a business or fraud. Because most of the time it is done on a smaller scale, it is voicelesser to notice when the crime is being committed. However, when it is caught out, a lot of the time the criminal isnt punished as harshly.Reasons for this could be that the crime isnt as serious as violent crimes or to save the reputation of the company that the person has been thieving from whilst working there. However, in larger scale situations, the crime is more than likely to be reported. One the other hand, another criticism to Marxist is Cambridge University study and they came to the remnant that Poverty is not an excuse for crime as righteousity is the plumpinggest factors commit crime because they lack morality and not Just because of the environment they live in, concord to a new study.Cambridge University studied around 700 youth people in Petrography for over a ten and discovered that most adolescent crime is not Just because of poverty. In fact, while it is agreed that urban environments trigger some teenaged people to commit crime, it is their morality which is the biggest factor. Other managers that were experiencing similar situations as the three-year-old criminals remain highly resistant to committing crime because they were embossed with morality.Functionalist perspective on crime Functionalist main theory is that believe social order benefits everyone, crime is crowing as the weak suffer, social progress would be limited by disorder and all would suffer, therefrom crime must be limited, some crime locoweed be positive. They believe some crime can be positive because can act a ensample device, can help community progress, provides employment, acts as a safety valve, helps social cohesion, reinforces the boundaries f part nership. predilection believed in consensus and the need for social order, basis of society was a set of shared values which ingest our actions called the incarnate conscience, tells us what is acceptable and what is not, re-affirming boundaries, and anomie. Functionalist believe that crime is inevitable in society, this means that its almost out of the interrogative mood for crime not to exist because not everyone will buy into the embodied sentiments of society and some few may deviate from these social norms and beliefs Druthers argued that crime is an inevitable and normal aspect of social life.Crime is present in all types of society; indeed, the crime rate is higher(prenominal) in the more advanced, industrialized countries. According to Druthers, crime is an ‘integral part of all good societies. Its inevitable because not every member of society can be equally committed to the collective sentiments (the shared values and moral beliefs) of society since individuals are exposed to different influences and circumstances, it is ‘impossible for all to be alike . Functionalist believes that trusted amount of crime and deviance as normal and an integral part of all well-informed societies.This is because it acts as a ‘safety valve, providing a comparatively harmless way for someone to express their discontent. For example, Cohen state that â€Å"prostitution family, this is because he believed this crime of prostitution could quieten the stress in a discrete way without damaging the rest of the clients life. Clarinda said crime also served the function of acting as a warning device. This is because the crime indicates that there is an aspect of society that is malfunctioning. So the crime draws attention to the problem within society, which can then be fixed.Druthers said that crime in society isnt genetically produced, but is natural in society. However, he did say that too much crime was dangerous in a society, and this is an idea Morton phraseed. To conclude Functionalist believe that crime is inevitable which means that anyone can commit it, this is because not everyone will buy into the collective sentiments of society and some may deviate from these norms and beliefs. However, Druthers doesnt explain why certain people are more likely to commit crimes than others.He appears not concerned with this problem †he was most touched in the nature of the relationship between crime and order in society. If questioned on individual motivations of criminals, he would belike contract invoked their lack of solicitation. Also, he stresses harmony of society and the belief that the law reflects the interests and views of the majority of the population, but he seems to ignore the concept of power †it is generally recognized that in all societies some groups have enormouser cleverness than the bulk of the population to influence the law making process.Marxist, for example, argue that the powerful in socie ty control the law making system on with everything else and then are able to pass laws which cardinal appear to be fair but which actually work to help preserve their position of power. Thus, the criminal system may not be as harmonious as Functionalists believe; indeed, Functionalists are much criticized for looking at life through rose tinted glasses which means they see everything as it was positive but they dont look at the true get a line. biologic theory of crime Another factor they may have a link to crime is the biological theories of crime. Biological Theory is a peer-reviewed scientific Journal book binding the fields of evolution and cognition. Biological theories are based on the nature versus nurture debate. Are we born(p) criminals or do we tally crime, biological theories also see crime as a form of illness caused by pathological; factors specific to certain classes of individuals which is bad behavior vs.. Sick behavior. ‘Does the way you look say that you are a criminal?Limbos (1876) introduced the firstly theory. We can assume that some people are â€Å"born criminals”Punishment is inapplicable. Limbos (1876) believed that you have an innate sensitiveness towards criminal behavior, In other words crime is something you are born to do. We frequently make inferences about another arsons character based on his/her appearing Ancient Greeks and Romans believed in â€Å"physiognomy ( somatic features can reveal a persons natural disposition) for example â€Å"Do not trust beardless men and bearded women” .Cesar Limbos was an Italian criminologist who in 1876 promoted the theory of ‘anthropological determinism that essentially stated that iniquity was inherited and that someone â€Å"born criminal”‘ could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage. Limbos believed that by studying someones physical features, you could identify a potential criminal. Lumbagos criteria fo r this cheekbones, flattened or upturned nose; handle-shaped ears; large chins, very salient(ip) in appearance; hawk-like noses or fleshy lips; hard shifty eyes, scanty beard or baldness and insensitivity to pain.Limbos finally concluded that a criminal would have long arms. Lumbagos studies of feminine criminality began with measurements of fe manly persons skulls and photographs in his search for â€Å"atavism”. He concluded that female criminals were rare and showed few signs of â€Å"degeneration” because they had â€Å"evolved less than men due to the inactive nature of their lives”. Limbos argued it was the females natural passivity that withheld them from breaking the law, as they lacked the intelligence and initiative to endure criminal.Limbos had also stated that these criminals behaved in a different way to everyone else. These different behaviors are as follows an softness to adjust to social and moral have sex forwards an inability to note be tween right and wrong, a low inability to show any kind of guilt or remorse, an inability to show any kind of obtainings toward, and an inability to form any kind of relationship. However, Biological theory as much criticism but in the following split up Im only going to transmit on 3 of them.The first criticism is gore (1913) in his experiment he criticized Limbos on the issue of born criminal and found that such thesis is inaccurate as well as dangerous, he tested a group of criminals and non-criminals to see if they showed any differences in behavior and he found that no significant difference between them, he then concluded that no one is criminal until he or she commits a crime.Another criticism of the biological theory is environmental factors, this is because hey may have had a poor family history in which they were deprived of their mother at a young age (hence maternal deprivation) or they lived in poverty for many years and had bickering coping with bills or buying fo od to eat. They may have been subjected to crime at a young age because they may have had a evoke who took drugs or smoked and if there was no capital to buy the drugs then they would be made to dislocate in order to get the money.However, the next criticism of the biological approach is stereotyping and encouraging stereotyping would then encourage prejudice and discrimination. For example if children are sh deliver a depict of a man with upturned nose; handle-shaped ears or large chins , they will indicate a negative attribution towards the picture rather than to a picture of a man without upturned nose; handle-shaped ears; large chins (these features on a man are known to be a good indicator of being a criminal).Yet, the only problem with stereotyping is that there is no beardown(prenominal) evidence to prove it and that the research methods used were defective. It has also been criticized on methodological grounds because a proper control group hasnt been used so it cant be reliable. mental explanations of criminal behavior Psychological theory which has first developed by Freud this states that all humans have natural drives and urges that is repressed in the unconscious(p). Additionally, all humans have criminal tendencies. These tendencies are curbed, however, through the process of Colonization.A child that is improperly socialized, then, could develop a personality disturbance that causes him or her to ask antisocial impulses either inward or outward. Those who transmit them inward become neurotic while those that direct them outward become criminal. Freud had his own views on what makes a as a result of an overdeveloped superego. People with overdeveloped superegos feel guilty for no reason and wish to be punished in order to relieve this guilt they are feeling and committing crimes is a method of obtaining such desired punishment and relieving guilt.In effect, a person commits the crime so that they can get punished and thus relieve guilt à ¢â‚¬ the guilt comes before the crime. According to this view, crime is a result of a seriously integrated psyche. Freud also identified the â€Å"pleasure pattern”; that humans have basic unconscious biological urges and a sire for immediate gratification and satisfaction. This includes desires for food, gender, and survival. Freud believed that if these could not be shamd legally, people would freely try to do so illegally.Freud also believed that people have the ability to learn in first childhood what is right and what is wrong and though we may have an instinctive nature to acquire what we desire, such nature can be controlled by what is learned in our early years. He believed that people primarily get moral principles as a young child from their parents and that if these were wanting(p) because of poor renting, that child would grow up into being less able to control natural urges to acquire whatever is needed. However, the greatest criticism of the psychodrama a pproach is that it is pseudoscientific in its analysis of human behavior.Many of the concepts central to Frauds theories are subjective and as much impossible to scientifically test. For example, how is it possible to scientifically study concepts like the unconscious mind? In this respect the psychodrama perspective is impracticable as the theories cannot be empirically investigated. However, Kline (1989) argues that the psychodrama approach comprises a series of hypotheses, some of which are more considerably tested than others, and some with more supporting evidence than others.Also, whilst the theories of the psychodrama approach may not be intimately tested, this does not mean that it does not have strong explanatory power. Nevertheless, most of the evidence for psychodrama theories is taken from Frauds case studies e. G. Little Hans. The main problem here is that the case studies are based on studying one person in detail, and with reference to Freud the individuals in ques tion are most often middle aged women from Vienna I. . His patients. This makes generalizations to the wider population (e. G. The whole world) severe.Another problem with the case study method is that it is susceptible to researcher bias. Re-examination of Frauds own clinical work suggests that he sometimes falsify his patients case histories to ‘fit with his theory Galloway, 1991. The humanistic approach makes the criticism that the psychodrama perspective is too deterministic †leaving little room for the idea of personal agency I. E. assuage will. Finally, the psychodrama approach can be criticized for being sexist against women. For example, Freud believed that females penis new made them inferior to males.He also thought that females tended to develop weaker super ego and to be more probe to anxiety than males. Also the theory such as id ego and superego are difficult to define and research. Sub heathen Explanations of crime Subcultures theories are theories which take apart the behavior and actions of various groups within society these groups which reject or depart from the subcultures, and subcultures theories flack to explain why these groups most are concerned with youth gangs and gang delinquency engaged in criminal acts . N 955 Albert Cohen came up with status frustration ,this is seen as a functional perspective of subcultures behavior (it improves their status) many working class youths who cannot gain status legitimately, become frustrated and therefore try to gain status through illegitimate means then they take a shit their own subculture and reject the norms and values of mainstream society. Cohen have remark that Delinquency was lower in areas of high economic status while it was seen to be high in areas of low economic status linking back to Marxist theory that people of a lower class background are more likely to commit crime.Their studies also found that these findings remained constant over time, They therefore came to the closure that â€Å"delinquency-producing factors are inherent in the participation and is culturally transmitted. Another explanations for subcultures and crime is milling machine (1992) and Miller does not see the criminal behavior occurring due to the inability of the lower class groups to achieve success. Instead, he explains crime in terms of the existence of a distinctive lower class subculture.He believes that this lower class group has for centuries possessed their own culture and traditions with a fundamentally different room those in the higher classes. This thus suggests that this lower class culture has been passed on not by one generation but for much longer than this. What are the Concerns of this Culture, Compared with the Higher Strata? irritability: this involves a concern for masculinity and finds expression in courage in the face of physical threat and a rejection of timidity and weakness.In practice this can result in assault, and battery as the group att empt to maintain their ‘reputation. Smartness: this involves the ‘capacity to outfox, outwit, dupe, and take others. Groups that use these sequences, include the hustler, conman, and the cardsharp, the pimp and pickpocket and petty thief. firing: Involves the search for thrills, for emotional stimulus. In Practice it is want in gambling, sexual adventures and booze, which can be obtained by a traditional night out on the town. Fate: They believe that little can be done about their lives †what will be will be…Trouble: young working class males accept their lives will involve violence, and they Will not run away from fights. However , one criticism of sub cultural theory is Miller claim that the six focal encores are central of sub cultural tradition but he doesnt give enough evidence to show that this is lower class values , therefore how are we supposed to trust miller theory on sub cultural if its not reliably. Also miller says that it applies to males righ t crossways the class structure but doesnt give any mythological evidence.Another fundamental weakness of these theories stems from precisely this: an overemphasis on the importance of a ‘gang response to crimes, it places far too much attention on a group response rather than on individual responses. withal the fact that cost Juvenile crime such as Joy-riding is conducted by ‘gangs, these theories fail to explain why crimes such as rape and murder, which are very individualistic, occur Gender and crime According to official static there an overwhelming predominance of males compared with females on committing crimes.Given this there has to be something in the these difference . Len the paragraph Im going to explain why there are gender differences in offending rates and to be able to explain sociological evidence for the reasons from different offending rates,. Sex-role theory argues that women are less reel to commit crime than men because there are core elements of the female role that limit their ability and opportunity to do so. There are a number of different versions, all of which can fit quite comfortably together.The first form of sex role theory is solicitation, this is the process by which children and adults learn from others. We begin skill from others during the early days of life; and most people continue their social learning all through life process : fit in to this approach, girls are socialized to be famine, polite and guiltless while boys are socialized to be manlike strong and powerful. Over all this explains the large diversity when it comes to crime suggesting its not males fault that they commit crime its societies fault for enforcing social roles on children.According to Gender and crime theory male colonization is the main factor of crime. The second form of sex role theory is Normalization this is the idea that males are opportunist because they have m However, the gender and crime theory is criticized because Fra nces hedonism say that criminology has tended to be dominated by males, in the main they have been studied by men and the studies have been about men. This may be an explanation of the big difference between males and females in crime .Frances hedonism has suggested 3 reasons for this and the first one is the most obvious and its that male dominance of offenders this has an impact because many sociologist are more likely going to study them rather than the minority of female offenders . The second explanation for lack of information on female crime is male domination in sociology and this suggest that the majority of academics have been male this suggest investigations have been a reflection of males view points and intersect.And the last reason hedonism put forward was sociological theorizing this is the idea that male sociologist constructed there theories and not intellection how It could be applied to females, this is because most traditional theories are gender blind in affe ct that means they ignore the specific viewpoint of women. To conclude the objectives of this essay was to argue if one social group involved in crime more than other social groups?Make a clear distinction between what other factors cause crime, to analysis the arguments for and against whether poverty is a justification of crime and to draw a conclusion to weather poverty is the mother of crime. I believe that in my argument I was able to affect all my objectifies . The original purpose of this study is to examine the different perspective on crime and come to a sensible conclusion on whether it was warrant for people under the bread line to commit crimes and to come to a conclusions if it is fair for them to go prison if being court..By looking at the evidence and argument, I must conclude that poverty is a learn factor when approaching the theory of crime, the reason why I say this is cause both Marxist and the sub cultural theories both agree one the fact the poverty and crim e have and on-going relationship, but they also bring in key evidence to back .But according to the information I got from my AY sociology book middle class individual It would have been unwise from the outset to assume that I would have come to an absolute Answer to my research question due to the wide range of factors that have been researched. The vagabond has allowed me to explore to a great depth a topic not only of great interest to me, But one that will bear great important during my future as a social psychologist.\r\n'