Program for Education, Health and Food in Mexico Essay

The unify Nations yearulated global targets to be come through by all nations which argon referred to as millennium development goals (MDGs), which gather up to be met by 2015. This is the foundation for the major development seasonndas set by separate nations in the world today that all be adapt towards these goals. For represent these goals entangles privation and hunger reduction, universal primary education, equitable ingress to all aims of education and a reduction in maternal and shaver mortality (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 45).Therefore in edict these targets to be achieved globally, they ought archetypical to be achieved by the individual nations as units making the globe. This accordingly calls for the commitment of nations ge atomic number 18d towards implementing multi sectoral strategies of these individual nations in the whole world to attain these MDGs which bears the common genuine to the majority. In this connection, Latin the States is not an except ion to the global curriculums.In this regard, Latin America established five conditional cash transfers programs aimed at reducing poverty and to augment gentlemans gentleman chapiter in form of education, (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 23) wellness and edible in coiffure to contribute to the attainment of the United Nations development targets set by the year 2015 in the globe (Coady Parker, 2004, p. 178). These programs include Bolsa Escola program (which provides nurture grants), Programme for the Eradication of Child Labour in Brazil, the Families in Action program in Colombia, the Social Protection eng progressment in Nicaragua, and Oportunidades program in Mexico.However this term paper shall decease focus to the Oportunidades program in Mexico (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 63). Cin one casepts of Conditional cash transfers The concepts of CCT (Conditional cash transfers) argon new development programs adapted by nations as a guide of global development challenges. The approac h of CCTs ar adapted with an aim to cling to humanity capital accumulation among the young generation in order to break inter-generational vicious poverty cycle in the modern generation (ECLAC, 2002, p. 82), so that tomorrow world can have a poverty free generation with reduced societal crisis.Therefore CCTs involves providing and availing m singley to sad families conditional upon investitures in human capital such educating kidren, improving the wellness through creating health reducers close to the people and nutritional aspect (Coady Parker, 2004, p. 23). This is do through the put on of the demand-side interventions to support directly the beneficiaries as opposed to conventional supply-side mechanisms like formulation of general subsidies or investments in health providers of tender services or health facilities and centrers or takes.In this regard therefore Conditional Cash Transfers programs targets at improving childrens human capital. Which is akin(predicate ) to the case of Latin America and Mexicos Programa de Educacion, Saludy Alimentacion (PROGRES) (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 131). However in order to analyse the conditional cash transfers, the analysis should be based on the new approach to social protection, that encompasses risk counsel approach that is aimed at enhancing human capital and defeating poverty in the longer term plans (Attanasio Gomez Heredia Vera-Hernandez, 2005, p. 5).For instance the social risk management strategy indicates that individuals, households and communities be exposed to nonuple risks in their surroundings. Thus Poverty empathises to greater vulnerability of the silly club, barely because poor people in the community or rescript commonly are limited to access to instruments that are necessary for risk management (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 213). In addition poor sect of society or community are always poorly prepared to cope with crises whenever they occur.For example the poor sect would han dle a financial crisis using an informal rule and approach like taking their children out of school and advanceing them at home, which is insufficient approach to crisis management. This way of handling crises conduces to irreversible loss of human capital and perpetuated intergenerational poverty cycle that becomes hard and difficult to reduce (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 141). In this obligingness the social risk management model uses three functions that are vital for the public policies. This includes the prevention, mitigation and coping, which embraces the long term benefits and reduced consequences.Therefore, it ends up helping benefiting people living in structural poverty, people who are just above the poverty line and groups with special needs in the society. Therefore, the CCTs approach is rooted from the concept of social protection as human capital investment that holds that poverty is reproduced across human generations due to a lack of investment in human capital (Be hrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 63). In this respect CCTs approach is more effective than the traditional approach, since it incentivizes this human capital investment by attaching conditions to transfers to produce desired results to the community and world at large.The use of CCTs in education ensures that opportunity cost of education is reduced thereof reinforces the income effect of the transfer in such a way that school attention and child labour is not as a support to income effect. This is aided by implementation regulations such as compulsory attendance of school by children with income substitution to enhance its impact. In this case when the children dangle much time in school they would not consume as much resources as they would consume when are at home.Hence in terms of conditional cash transfers it implies that,there will be a nominal transfer tot up needed to produce incentives 0 to send children to school (Attanasio Gomez Heredia Vera-Hernandez, 2005, p. 56). Therefo re, this ensures that the relieve resources are put to development agendas that will enhance wealth substructure and more investment realization. The program was created in the year 1997 by Mexican Federal Governments as a strategy to support rural families in extreme poverty to alleviate from those poor conditions (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 39). and the name changed to Oportunidades gist Opportunities that was extended to urban populations by president Fox in the 2001. This program uses the conditional cash transfer concept within Latin America and its design marks a significant shift in social services provision in Mexico today. The guiding principles that the program uses to work are targeting, intersectorality, empowerment of women and shared responsibility. The program was created for the purpose of increasing the capabilities of families that live in extreme poverty by investing in human capital in Mexico (Attanasio Gomez Heredia Vera-Hernandez, 2005, p. 42).This goal has th ree main objectives which includes education, health and nutrition. This is because the three destiny are dependent of each other. For instance, education will enhance expert development in the health and food production sectors to handle diseases and verdant areas respectively, while education can not continue and progress within the environment that is infested by diseases and poor health as a result of malnutrition. Both components, if they are not balanced, can result to poor productiveness in the economy and society.In this connection, the following section shall look at these three components Educational component The giftments that concerns educational expenses are made to families with children below the age of 18 who are enrolled in school between the first year of primary education and the third year of secondary school. But in order to create and initiate incentive for families to invest in human capital, payments are conditional to children attending school. In addi tion, if a child has a non-attendance rate of over 15 percent in one academic month without a valid reason, the family does not receive the assist that concerns education.By doing so, the government ensures that great emphasis is laid to education and eliminates supernumerary laxity in the implementation process, by involving parent to monitor their children and educationalists to keep updated record which the government uses to allocate payments to parents hence, each stakeholder participates in the process (Calde Coady, 2004, p. 272) . The amount of money that is transferred are set basing on the additional income the children would be transport to the family if the child would be working and not attending to school.The payment rises with an increase in the age of a child. However, this is schemed higher for girls at secondary take (ECLAC, 2002, p. 71) . This is to encourage a girl child education like numerous parts of the world today do. In addition to regulation of the pay ment, the pay is designed to be inflation concious that prevents falling of value. In general, the grant is dependant on the enrolment and school attendance. While, the grant covers both direct cost required like school fees, school supplies, transportation and the opportunity cost as a result of attending school in Mexico (Davis, 2003, p. 30). health component In relation to the health component Oportunidades program invokes the provision of primary health care to all members of the family, this to cultivate an enabling environment for the leaner to able attended to well. The health services are provided at clinics, dispensaries and health centrers which are operated and run by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Social credentials Institute) and the Secretariat of Health (Davis, 2003, p. 128). These grants are targeted to newborn children of about 2-3 years of age (ECLAC, 2002, p. 129), hich may continue up to the time the children enrols in primary school level. In ad dition to the that, pregnant and lactating women are included in the program. This component consists of a cash transfer aimed at health care, nutrition education and food consumption that benefits mothers and children.The transfer is on the basis of compliance by participating household members with a pre-determined number of health centre visits and health and nutrition workshops which are attended, this ensures a full participation in the process and community unity (Gertle, 2000, p. 61). The childrens health care visits are linked to growth monitoring and vaccination protocols that needs to be find by mothers. This ensures that, the health standards are maintained by citizen which forms a estimable nation. In addition to that, Health Care visits for pregnant and lactating women ensures hold prenatal, childbirth and puerperal care (Calde Coady, 2004, p. 76) through attending clinical check-ups once or twice per year in Mexico.This health component ensures that the societys wel l being is taken into account therefore, this will translate to good education involvement and participatory. Therefore health component indirectly or directly promotes and support education. Nutrition component The grant provided is say towards providing money to improve food consumption and availability, especially to children below age of 4 months to 2 years (Gertle, 2000, p. 232), weaned babies and breastfeeding mothers.This package is inclusive of children vulcanized above the age of 2 years to 5 years who are at risk of malnutrition or those who are poorly nourished (ECLAC, 2002, p. 223) in the society. The condition to continue and get the grants is based upon ability to visit the health clinics regularly, in this way, the population continues to be updated on the health prevention and recruit methods while the government gets the required statistics that are vital for planning and battle infections to its citizens.It should be noted that the nutrition and health voucher as equivalent to the value of the time invested by the mother during the trip and waiting at the health centre to to get health services (Calde Coady, 2004, p. 267). For instance, the statistics indicate that health grant per beneficiary per month was set at the same level as the education transfer of about US$9, which is twice the periodical expenditure per person on health care and medicine costs.