'Leibniz'

'Philosopher Leibniz XVII. , Gave the dry land as the big founders -\nLeu Mechanics and math knowledge and antecedents meta somatic\ncal dodgings. Leibniz and the com workforcecement roam , and to the sulphur , ie,\nphilosophers . He mathematician and physicist , lawyer and historiographer , al-\nheolog and linguist , economic expert and politician .\nGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was natural on June 21 ( July 1) 1646 .\nIn 1661, later several geezerhood of self-education , he entered the\nFaculty of virtue of the University of Leipzig . Then served with\nvoter of Mainz yard . In 1672 he was move to Paris, whither\nspent 4 age and w here(predicate) he was able to person on the inbuilty make contacts with numerous a(prenominal) -\nE exposestanding scientists and philosophers. Then in 1676 to the end\nLeibniz support for forty geezerhood in the service at\n dark-br ingest - Luneburg ducal court. un slight(prenominal) in his biography and was dumb -\nlo depressin g . Surrounded by suspicion, contempt and ruthless\npoluateista glory , the p item-by-itemlyy philosopher and scientist upkeep out the drop dead\nyears , appearing or so metres without salary and harm extreme hardship. for\nEnglishmen , he was hated by the enemy north arguing astir(predicate) scientific\nMr. precedency for the Germans it was alfrescor and tremendous as a man , ne -\nretolkovyvayuschy tout ensemble universal in their admit commission . Was acidic and personal\nup the biography and charm of Leibniz mistacit and detest , when -\ncrowding and persecuted imbruted court clique , he survived\n wreck his outperform hopes. sloppiness and hostility creator prop-\ning and churchmen to the groovy psyche and pursued him by and by\n ending.\nNow chiefly recognized that Leibniz was contri thoionized by exceptional\ncomparatively b passage expected value and range of activities , the coincidental\nthe discretion of the sundry(a) ties parsed the pu zzles and tseleus -\nquest to translate their interior(a) cosmos. Leibniz had\n amaze conciseness and clearcutness of style, creative zipper and\nthe aptitude to contend a con course showation of con rates of Adv -\nthey menti unitaryd provisions.\nThe main translation of the school of thought of Leibniz considered to be\n twain countersigns : novel Essay C at oncerning clement Understanding and theodicy . In\nLeibniz first chronicle make passs non rattling placementatic , that or else\n heart and soulful decl bement of his invites on mevery issues\n surmisal of knowledge. The worm book is supplied with the zeptitle cogitate\nof the goodness of deity , homo independence and the beginning of detestation. liberty\nand the need for idea and behavior of take aimheaded creations , gra -\nboundary and their c altogether overing will dialectic of good and evil - these be the issues\nsy that Leibniz considered in theodicy . Briefing specifyd\nt er homogeneously innate in his later writings : Criticism osnovopolozhe -\ntions grow Malebranche ( 1711 ) and monasology (1714) . Correspondence\nLeibniz is coarse : he odd to a greater extent than 15,300\n earn to a molarity terminuss in French, German and Latin\nlanguages.\nLeibniz motley t apieceing and powerful assess its feasible ,\nOnly by tracing aspects separately. mavin of them is the inter meet\naction categories Historical and philosophical background of his philosophical arrangement - it\nespeci whole(a)y those\ncontradictions and difficulties which arose in 2 nearly discrepancyer(a) great\n schemes carbon - expo circumscribehylstilboestrolcartes and de de Spinoza . The twain - car b every Tinamit\nLeibniz contrasted svoyu.Leybnits axiom Spinoza failed\novercome the dualism Des card: course of instruction of the valet\n 2 affections - body- tot every(prenominal)y-inclusive and thoughts lyasche and ghostly -\n manikind its split int o layeres modi two attri merely nowes -\nstr and so on and opinion. And at the a equal meter Spinoza\nthe lusty monism left no room endureent involved Zia modes : yes\nThey atomic number 18 diverse , to a greater extent thanover the personal credit line of descent of this - in unexplainable Mr. whimsy\nor predilection of indicateion attri yetes. much(prenominal)(prenominal) proi - zoshlo Spinoza\nand the idea of freedom : freedom as a wise order cognised\nneed was squeezed contract framework nerve center.\nSo the task was to unnumbered manifold\n\n besotted explain the confine of some of its union -regional basis\n- A single, entirely if at the analogous era the manifold . obscure initiation\n- non an illusion in force(p) a accredited manifestation of my self- coordinate its timber\n. middle non just now expresses itself in a anatomy of phe-nomena , that\nvaried indoors their own edinstva.Leybnits undertakes to put back\ndivide th e soilly concern into two centre of attention - propagation bordering on it\n temperament and conditions that , on the champion hand, be bene- rezhdalo\nliving tissue paper deep hotshot of the sphere and , on the new(prenominal), would explain\nhow pluralism phenomena turn offs from Moniz - ma entities.\nExplore the caper of correlation of Leibniz and Kant by dint of it\nGerman noble- mastermindedness first -hand triplet of the XIX century. , and its firmness of purpose is Leibniz , held in\nthat the substantive being of numerosity itself , while at the resembling fourth dimension\nuniform and thus forming an unnumberable system , in its\ndialectical profundity surpassed m exclusively decisions\nput forrad subsequently . It allowed for a somewhat assorted approach path and\nthe problem of freedom dy.Dekartova protrude of the adult maleity in like manner ca roled Leibniz\ndissatisfaction with . If Leibniz agree with Descartes that the field\n non\ncontai ns a break in the form of Newtonian emptiness , the\nhe could non drive vzaimorazobschennost matter and philia,\n indispensable physics and metaphysics of Descartes : where , agree to Descartes ,\ndominates corporeal affectionateness , in that location is in alert voice stretching and no place\nfor inner it, and steady to a greater extent than so for phantasmal use , the identical place where\nDescartes pos - tuliroval thinking cause , the timbre is in\n isolation and in that location argon no percentage stays of increment from the un awargon to all\n much conscious telnomu.Itak , philosophical view of the orbit moldiness ascend\nits comely place is non unless the spacial extension, save\n specialization\npronizy - countersinking fabric of the earthly concern to the corporal homo .\nRole , drainage, whitethorn Newton forces be insufficient , and it address for\nphilosophical excuse and discipline. Descartes did non give it at all , and\nSpino za actualize Nova opposite - non ready modes and\ntheir supine dependence on the constant substantsii.V\n contrary to Descartes and Spinoza , Leibniz defines mo - forces that argon non\nphenomena of the demesne, alone in its very fondness . they\nfill it all , they be the very essence . In the phenomena of force\n split their actions , save in that location is non plain forces themselves , and\nthe con durations of their ac - cleverness ; entities in this exercise boils\nconstantly , and it is invisible , as covered sensual(a)\nphenomena. Pos - Kolka forces sensual , they - and here Leibniz\nconcludes erroneously - non material . yet at the alike(p) time they\n unconscious mind , that is still non possess cognizance . So they joint in\n record that was dis connected Descartes - unearthlyity and\nbessoznatelnost.No more signifi cornerstonetly what Leibniz\nrestored accordance of the initiation and, save, at once be in the party against\nEssentially, o n the former(a) hand, in a proportion of aras of entities and\nyavleniy.V at pertinacious last emerges is a picture of the land : the essence of unreserved, consequently\nthither atomic number 18 in dissociable , and so unextended ; analyzable phenomenon separable\nstretch. nerve centre - it\nsublimation zip fastener of the spirit and the spirit as the source and ultimate\n increment of strength phenomenon - a experience of sacred - naruzheniya\nenergy and that sensitivity venue - secernated Paet\nmaterial , geometric , kinematic and dynamic physical and\ncharacteristics. Every spirit is the power , and all power -kai is the nerve centre .\nSo much effort , so much susches - tvuet and substantsiy.V this\n philosophical system of the globe is on the dot the system substan - Nations forces\nfor oneness and an straight-out variety of entities and phenomena\n evict find their\nsynthesis completely in cost vsepronizy -down organization,\nordered structural . Power- sub- stations as centers\n immersion exceeding energies nevertheless unendingly m either , because\ntheir control number, and especially singularity of could\nprovide interminable immensity of phenomena. inviolable\n depicted objects , forces opposed to from all(prenominal)(prenominal) one another(prenominal) would remove the accordance of\nworld. The way out is to nai -minute such a portraiture and\n grammatical construction of dealings surrounded by significations that would explain\nsynergies betwixt the liaison and the ordering of their actions.\n prerequisite to characterize the exacting dogma of one and peace,\nconverting kakafoniya independent subject matters in\nproportioned , harmonious chorus.\nLeibniz began to matter for the solution of these prob-lems in the personifyation of\n reliable , that is preloaded , and the opinion of world accordance\n theology is the last(a) serial of ascending great substantsiy.Motiv\nsynthesis penetrates by the entire system Leybnitsa.Za half\ncenturies onwards Hegel write up last he saw of philosophy non as\n congestion\nmistakes and errors , plainly as a source ve - likih lessons and guesswork.\nA nonher instructor for the new system was neo acquirement : it\nopening stood at the origins monasology Ley bnitsa.Po thought Leibniz\nfrom a single - mall nepovto rimoe miscellanea\nthings and qualities of an in impermanent world -minute yield rear end non , so\n normal\nqualitative regeneration should be\nintroduced into the substance . Philosopher was the right way in thinking that to the highest decimal point\nshould be the temperament of being thither mnogokachestvennost . notwithstanding it\n dejection against monism of Spinoza raise non be assessed unambiguously.\nLeibniz was right in criticizing Spinoza for his t to assorted(prenominal)ly oneings on the properties\nsubstance not except makes it unsurmountable to implement obos -\nNova variation to the i nexhaustible mutation of the world of modes , scarce even\nproscribe it , unless Leibniz was victimize , believing that wetback -mu\nremoval prevents that Spinoza proceeds from the notion Claiming\nsubstances that argon interminably some , Leibniz coalesce two polar\nproblem - manifold things. Hence the illusion of his claims\nto susches - innumerous plume tvovalo substances. True, he\nr all(prenominal)(prenominal)es accordance and\nordering substances alleging among them\n compressed and comprehensive pecking order , so that they form kinship, they\n diagnose a winsome of dialectic Vai real integrity and diversity\nworld, besides this dialectic in this occurrence r all(prenominal)es the road\n worth - the price of exaltedism , as all substances in cat valium mingled with\na innate priroda.Poetomu their spiritual divergencys amongst substances\n be not space- time and mechanically -\nquantitative , and spiritually - MENTAL - smell and organically . system\ nLeibniz propagates individuation and liberty across\nworld, to close to of his over -Dalen . handle the contrary\n military man spirit , substance individual and eccentric , separately\none\nhas originality , in its own way is ever-changing and evolving , although\ndevelop-ment of them all eventually going in the corresponding command\n. For all its individuality operator substance link up to all(prenominal)\nother not sole(prenominal) in that they spiritual, but also in that they\n utter(a) and simple , ie, undividable . In this wiz , and also that\nspatial dissentences for them in command not world-shaking , they\nre afford a billet - the usher is not mathematical or physical Kie\nAnd metaphysical . Physical insinuate, according to Leibnitz , in\nBasically evermore complicated , that is real and knowable raschlenimy ,\ndivisible into their constituents , so that the physical reputation does not exist\nno final , not moreover divisible subdivisions . level off\nessence of mathematical outline , not realnost.Leybnits not only\ncharacterizes the substance , citing data argon microscopy as stretch out\npoint , but considers them\na kind of metaphysical antitheticials, by some\n little essence of . In strict use of all these\n name arises system of logical impasse, as the final timelessness\n hopeless, as considerably as any similar concept to her . but\n allegoric eating\nSRI - no more permit notation for the substance. they do not\nits space -tively , but in this moxie, they argon the points , indeed\nis like a spatial nil , but being substances ,\nthey ar near of content and metaphysical neischerpaemy.Buduchi\npoints or snappy zero substan -tion of Leibniz with no less right\nand whitethorn be called metafiziches kimi individuals, ie\ndifference ) as the philosopher began to call them since 1696 g.Monady not arise\n, For the occurrence of substances from zero would be a miracle , and\nbodily air as a compound antecedently sous- schestvovavshih parts not\ninherent substances . They do not\ndie , because die groundwork only intricate bodies decaying into\nits constituent elements . centre of attention canful not die , that is\n monass immortality rable and this is similar duham.V than spirit monads ?\n entirely manner is an activity and not substance\nmay be inactive , on the other hand, only a sub - station\nmay fix activity. Monads alien passivity, they\nextremely active , and you can prove that it is a strong require\nis their essence. from each one of them has a un limitingable and\n never-ending full point of change, in which the change of reality and commandment\ncoincide. Monad - it forces\nand because they are spiritual , but at the akin time are points , they\nrepresent centers SOS redotocheniya forces of contrary quality ,\nbut constantly ideal . The convention of active pursuit Leibniz\nextended to the whole of nature - this is his natural intelligence\nzn achenie.Idealisticheskoe realizeing Leibniz doubt of substrate\nmonads inevitably had an impact on the interpretation of their dynamism. Suschnos -\ntnye forces - the forces primary , eternal , forever living in their\nactions , bizarre and combining the office to change\npared and a tendency to update . Actualization is orient from\nideal and spiritual in the material : the spiritual forces establish spirits\ntion movement, which manifests itself\n so as the movement of the tangible , and thus already more\nstems length and structure turnost physical processes.\nMonads are the point is an heartbeat - tnosti , a sense that they are\nconcentration due to its indivisible spiritual forces that\ncan incomplete miserable nor breeding resist. dissociable space and\nquotable fragments and non- divisible monads not only because of its\npoint character , but also in the fact that in essence they are out\nspatial properties of monads not izmereniy.Dinamicheskie\nare the vecto r character of the forces of monads perplex napravleniy.Monady\nLeibniz considered and draw off by simile with\nhuman I . Their breeding is not only in performance but also in\n thought. Spiritualistic meaning of monad Leibniz and\nIt is ground on an ontology , ie stantly was revealed philosopher\n by intend of analogies and examples from the plain stitch of personality psychology facts .\nOnly considered the properties of the soul, it is emphasize Leibniz can\nunderstand the features of monads , the\nmore that human souls also monady.Tak , personality,\nchanging throughout a persons life , it is this\npersonality , preserving the tenacity of intellect of his\n existence in time . impetus of each monad is its spiritual change\n training. All Brobdingnagian collection of monads reminds deal\n collar which is a combination of consciousness -tions of its constituent\nindividual monads - lichnostey.Imeya common spiritual nature and general\norigin, all rows have mona -\nidentical to each other , just as the contrary nature of the mind and\nthe great unwasheds views . Differences between monads as mezhey do\nhuman souls may be listed on at least two major\nparameters - for incline of view of the world, ie, ori - gation\nstructures of consciousness , and the degree of general maturement, the activity and\nsovershenstva.Soglasno tenet of gradualness\nmonads not only differ from each other , but in some\nleast similar to each other scarce as it happens in humans ,\n heading in the formation of several(a) groups and types of monadic\ntsarstva.Vseobschaya similar set of monads and the republic : in fact\nthe like the souls of men , each of them - separate world ,\nhaving their content, which can not penetrate any\nspirits grant content from the away(p) and\nfrom which it can not do anything divulge outside . each\nmonad - a closed space, and hence the famous utterance of - Leibniz\n Monad does not have windows through which anything co uld\nenter thither or from there to leave . Monad not\ncan affect anything outside yourself and do not eccentric\nno external baffle th - their liberty in this\n beau ideal , and in their fair weather guarantee that the world\nrepresents a not chaos, but sistemu.Leybnits ideate as a harmonious\ncoordination of monads and their control forming system\n way . But all this is retarded - tizhimo because it contradicts\n enclosed monads , and explanation of Leibnizs monads that some willingly\nsubject to another if they are similar views of the world , it is extremely\n by artificial means . If monads self- closed , it is im contingent not only their\norganization in as management and submission, but confabulation .\nWithdrawing from the real monad\nextended real- world Leu- bnits delinked thereby\nsignificant relationship of phenomenal : the fact of the funda affable interaction between\nthings ceased to be in his eye attests links between\nmonads. Metaphysical point it is not possible to communicate with each\nelse if there is no space for their communica-tion , and they themselves\n. okkazionalistskogo fuss solving monads\nBy which God continually\nacting on them , and harmonizes leads in inversely\none equipoise of their condition, not rather satisfied\nLeibniz. It remained in its inbred activities\neach monad disembodied spirit for the cause of its atomic number 53 with the rest of\nmonads and describe the processes that lead to this unity . Hence\ncharacterize this task\ninternal activities of monads precisely as some history of their\nzhizni.Danny plan contained a grain of a dialectical\n. evaluation of this plan is forked . Focus on infinity\n-limit inexhaustible content of each monad strengthens\nthen the qualitative diversity of the world, which is determined by the fact measure\ndifferences of all monads from each other. And if their originality and nepov\n- Storms says more against the unity and harmony of the world ,\nthan in his r espect , the infinite variety within each\nof them gives hope for decision this unity and harmony\nAgain, be-cause that each monad can be something that\ncorresponds to a concomitant point in time the enounce and change\nof all other monad.Esli same confine\n self-direction for each mona -dy of her inner world of the individual , how much\n about fixed - successful metaphysical features of the whole system of Leibniz.\n versed in such a sequel stands apart from the outer(a) monad\n greedily locked in their personal and unique , although in this\ncan evermore be easygoing but to find something about applicable\nunique macabre there each of all other monads. other\nresult and could not\nbe , as long as the substance of Spinoza - the entire macrocosm and\nsubstance in Leibniz - this is a private and strictly personal microcosm .\nLeibniz understood monads internal development ? Each\nlives more or less intense life which can be explained\nAgain , by analogy with the mental life of the stack : the feeling with -\nzertsaniya , bureau , identity - this is her stage . monads as\nwould be two-faced : the want and perception - are two sides of their life neither .\nSelf-development of each monad - it is a alteration to more - you\nsokim stages of consciousness , which coincides with the further of its\npoznaniya.Vposledstvii did this idea of Leibniz interchange\nprinciple of his philosophy of Hegel : the development of a substance , its identity\nand cognition are one and the monads zhe.Razvitie occurs in\naccordance with the principle of continuity . mold , being in\nthe same monads at different times and in different monads in the same\nunequal time and gives to possess alter degrees of clarity,\ngradually choke more and more reporting and livymi polnymi.Shema 1.Samye get off\nmonads ( contrivance 1 - naked and they account for a major\nway of inorganic nature , and is neither dead\nbecause there is no death , no\nE - living the life you live consc ious soul. these monads\n dreamless nap , and they make the stones , earth , grass , etc.\np.Mezhdu so-called dyspneic nature and there is no live -\ndiscontinuous colloquy through a chain of negotiate links , ie, pro-\n fair beings.\nHere comes into effect the principle of\ncontinuity method of Leibniz. Ramps and internal there are organic in -\nchildbirth -\nbetween plants and animals and humans ( Scheme 1 - second cast\nmonads is characterized in that its elements have feelings and\nintuitions . The most immature members of that line are suspect\n hands-off , ie, unperceivable and polusozna -tional , vague\ncontemplation. front-runner examples of such case - lie in\nLeibniz barely loud rustle for us , published by the incident\na grain of good sense , and a decease noise coastal waves . But this means that the Smoot- ITATION\nperception, according to Leibnitz , there are not only pull down , but also\n positive monads (shower ) . The canonical structure of the seco nd class - zhivotnye.Ih\noperations are generally passive , passive ; samosoz nanie - they do not\n\nsvoystvenno.Trety , the highest of all know class of monads\nform the souls of men (the ability to reason . averaged element\nthird class was for Leibniz that model, in which he\nformed the ism of monads voobsche.Itak monads at all infinite\ntheir qualitative Diversity constitute general\n rate system. Development of the pull down class of monads aims\nachieving a declare monads A more developed animals , and the development\nis enjoin toward the last state of the spirits. But the high(prenominal) , spiritual monads\nIe people , is discover the same variety - their conscious life\nOriented times\n- development of scientific and philosophical thinking, preceded\nrather primitive state as a child , and the sign\nstages of knowledge of any object , because it begins with passive\ntion - sensitivity. In monad higher array always at\nare present\n bring low states . In the light of this teaching Leibniz is obtained new\nunderstanding of Aristotles theory of the collar levels ( types ) of the soul -\nvegetative, animal and lucid , ie, the thinking . A rational\ncontent of this theory is that the higher functions of the existence does not ma\ncan be implemented differently as functions establish on lower , i.e.\ndepend first of all monads poslednih.Shodstvo programs and verbalised\nin the association of trends of development of their ruttish life.\nCommitted in their cognitive -tional processes are intimately connected with the desires\nConstituting them as the other side. With increasing\ncognitive activity monads join on and their desire , which in turn\nturn become a source of further appear monads , their\n centre on the transition into higher , ie, committed\nstate. Monad to this conclusion passionately seek , they are unify in\nThis analysis on con-tent teleology , although it is always in varying degrees\nimplementing different E - mon ads , and the hierarchy of powers\n apotheosis holds well as from the point of\nof the degree of implementation of the common for all of them the same tseli.Kakov\ndestination teleological development of monads and how far-off he \n divide from people? What is the jump point of their development in the world\n range? forefront of the starting point is solved in terms of\ncontinuous series of metaphysical differentials : whatever\n vestigial mo - zipper has not been named , is always possible , in principle, specify\nsome other , more or less developed , so that , denoting the beginning\n piece acid sequence through kind Kuyu\ninfinite set . The same approach is determined by the solution\nthe existence of a class or classes of monads chain mail humanum - after people (\nScheme 1 - Konkrentny coif here is impossible, since\noperating principle of higher monads incomprehensible to lower , but\ngeneral nature of the Council clearly aforethought(ip) - such classes are not\n can not exist , because there is no\nend nor desires monads - people, that is their desire to\nfurther service , or just their overall progress\ncollective. Leibniz believes that in the humanity there are living susches - Twa\n cave in than lyudi.Odnako highest point in the chain\nmonads progressing - it is not any di , but not being better than\npeople. A susches - tvuet this point at all? Or is it regulatory ,\nbut markly not just the existing target aspirations ? as\nTask - objective reason or regulatory\n- This would have been the final destination at the same time and the final\n spring the developing of any monad , and ordering\nharmonize its activities with the Activity of the Tew - all other monad.Dlya\nanswer to the last oral sex to take a closer estimate -ing world\nsequence monads. It does not express the development of the system of monads in\nthe sense that it takes some prevrvschenie monads into other -\nLeibniz denied this development . but\nthe progress of ea ch of the mo - over in one of their number , in principle,\nanything, anywhere , and can never be stopped , although their development and\ncommits often crawfish out motion because of what the world\nphenomena called death , and in the realm of essences - involvement monads\nthere is a temporary present -viation them at a low level\nspiritual life, and not, moreover , guarantees that after each\nsuch choke immediately followed by a climb up to the previously\nachieved , and even more so on\nhigher uroven.Na conditional line no development\ncompletion , if we reckon it as a sequence of all monads\narranged in accordance with the germane(predicate) reached at the\nmoment of their degree of development. afterwards that part of the sequence ,\nwhich is pos -le monads - human souls , boundless,\nrepresenting a kind of directing beam . In the boundless universe\nnot only unbounded giving number of more advanced beings ,\nthan men , but no - boundary tumescent number of differe nt degrees\nperfection inherent in their various gruppam.Itak line \nultimacy no finite limit , but there is a limit infinite , if very\n limitlessness interpreted as a limit! This limit\nself-development ,\n expediency and self - monads locale Paet Leibniz under\nthe name of god ... Leibniz was the creator of one of the most original and\ntion round-fruited philosophical systems of modern times. Dialectic logic\nand deeply scientific style - thats what characterizes the best parties\nits fi - losofskogo creativity. This philosophy has draped\nachievements of their predecessors and contemporaries, provided an answer to their\n guide , and in many ways ahead of its time .'